Theme_NN1 3_CRD :_PUN Modifications_NN2 to_PRP Teaching_NN1 and_CJC Reliance_NN1 on_PRP Technology_NN1 
A_AT0 graduate_NN1 level_NN1 course_NN1 was_VBD converted_VVN to_PRP online_AJ0 Zoom_NN1 meetings_NN2 during_PRP the_AT0 lockdown_NN1 ._SENT After_PRP several_DT0 class_NN1 meetings_NN2 ,_PUN one_CRD student_NN1 asked_VVD another_DT0 gently_AV0 ,_PUN "_PUQ Could_VM0 I_PNP ask_VVI you_PNP a_AT0 question_NN1 ?_SENT You_PNP do_VDB n't_XX0 have_VHI to_TO0 answer_VVI if_CJS you_PNP do_VDB n't_XX0 want_VVI to_PRP ._SENT Why_AVQ are_VBB you_PNP in_PRP the_AT0 garage_NN1 with_PRP your_DPS phone_NN1 when_CJS we_PNP meet_VVB online_AJ0 for_PRP class_NN1 ?_SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 student_NN1 smiled_VVD and_CJC replied_VVD ,_PUN "_PUQ No_AT0 problem_NN1 —_PUN that_DT0 is_VBZ easy_AJ0 to_TO0 answer_VVI ._SENT Our_DPS internet_NN1 service_NN1 in_PRP this_DT0 rural_AJ0 area_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 that_DT0 great_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 garage_NN1 gets_VVZ the_AT0 best_AJS reception_NN1 ._SENT Besides_AV0 ,_PUN I_PNP have_VHB younger_AJC siblings_NN2 who_PNQ are_VBB doing_VDG home_NN1 schooling_NN1 and_CJC they_PNP are_VBB using_VVG the_AT0 desktop_NN1 computer_NN1 ._SENT They_PNP are_VBB a_AT0 big_AJ0 distraction_NN1 !_SENT 
Online_AJ0 learning_NN1 experiences_NN2 generally_AV0 are_VBB defined_VVN as_PRP those_DT0 that_CJT rely_VVB on_PRP the_AT0 internet_NN1 and_CJC different_AJ0 digital_AJ0 devices_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN laptops_NN2 ,_PUN smartphones_NN2 )_PUR conducted_VVN in_PRP either_AV0 a_AT0 synchronous_AJ0 or_CJC asynchronous_AJ0 fashion_NN1 ._SENT When_CJS people_NN0 blithely_AV0 suggest_VVB that_CJT "_PUQ everything_PNI is_VBZ online_AJ0 now_AV0 "_PUQ ,_PUN this_DT0 does_VDZ not_XX0 acknowledge_VVI those_DT0 without_PRP such_DT0 resources_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 fundamental_AJ0 requirement_NN1 of_PRF online_AJ0 teaching_NN1 —_PUN reliable_AJ0 internet_NN1 access_NN1 and_CJC hardware_NN1 —_PUN may_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI within_PRP reach_NN1 for_PRP many_DT0 families_NN2 ,_PUN even_AV0 in_PRP a_AT0 wealthy_AJ0 country_NN1 such_DT0 as_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL Devine_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ;_PUN Fishbane_NP0 &_NP0 Tomer_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT A_AT0 Pew_NN1 Research_NN1 Center_NN1 report_NN1 estimated_VVD that_CJT five_CRD million_CRD children_NN2 and_CJC nearly_AV0 one-third_CRD (_PUL 31.4_CRD %_NN0 )_PUR of_PRF families_NN2 with_PRP children_NN2 ages_NN2 6_CRD –_PUN 17_CRD with_PRP family_NN1 incomes_NN2 below_PRP $_NN0 50_CRD ,_PUN 000_CRD do_VDB not_XX0 have_VHI a_AT0 high-speed_AJ0 internet_NN1 ;_PUN this_DT0 group_NN1 represents_VVZ about_PRP 40_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF all_DT0 families_NN2 with_PRP school-age_AJ0 children_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 States_NP0 (_PUL Horrigan_NP0 ,_PUN 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Further_AJC challenges_NN2 to_PRP online_AJ0 learning_NN1 include_VVB poor_AJ0 internet_NN1 access_NN1 ,_PUN home_NN1 environments_NN2 unconducive_AJ0 to_PRP online_AJ0 learning_NN1 ,_PUN student_NN1 difficulties_NN2 with_PRP self-discipline_NN1 and_CJC self-directed_AJ0 learning_NN1 ,_PUN lack_NN1 of_PRF professional_AJ0 development_NN1 for_PRP faculty_NN1 ,_PUN absence_NN1 of_PRF holistic_AJ0 quality_NN1 assurance_NN1 systems_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC means_NN0 of_PRF supporting_VVG not_XX0 only_AV0 students_NN2 '_POS academic_AJ0 learning_NN1 outcomes_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC also_AV0 their_DPS social_AJ0 and_CJC emotional_AJ0 development_NN1 (_PUL Zhu_NP0 &_NP0 Liu_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Thrust_NN1 into_PRP emergency_NN1 remote_AJ0 teaching_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 survey_NN1 of_PRF K-12_CRD educators_NN2 indicated_VVD that_CJT they_PNP struggled_VVD to_TO0 find_VVI high-quality_AJ0 tools_NN2 ,_PUN locate_VVB curated_VVN content_NN1 aligned_VVN with_PRP standards_NN2 and_CJC curriculum_NN1 ,_PUN use_VVB digital_AJ0 tools_NN2 effectively_AV0 ,_PUN communicate_VVB with_PRP students_NN2 at_PRP a_AT0 distance_NN1 ,_PUN support_NN1 student_NN1 engagement_NN1 /_PUN persistence_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC adapt_VVB teaching_NN1 material_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 conditions_NN2 and_CJC needs_NN2 of_PRF particular_AJ0 students_NN2 (_PUL Rasmitadila_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ;_PUN Trust_NN1 &_NP0 Whalen_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Unprecedented_AJ0 long-term_AJ0 closure_NN1 of_PRF schools_NN2 and_CJC suspension_NN1 of_PRF face-to-face_AJ0 teaching_NN1 during_PRP the_AT0 COVID-19_AJ0 crisis_NN1 surely_AV0 has_VHZ reduced_VVN opportunities_NN2 to_TO0 learn_VVI for_PRP students_NN2 ,_PUN particularly_AV0 those_DT0 of_PRF young_AJ0 children_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP terms_NN2 of_PRF social-emotional_AJ0 development_NN1 ,_PUN most_DT0 children_NN2 have_VHB lost_VVN the_AT0 equivalent_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 year_NN1 or_CJC more_AV0 of_PRF interaction_NN1 with_PRP peers_NN2 in_PRP group_NN1 settings_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 young_AJ0 child_NN1 's_POS particular_AJ0 need_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI actively_AV0 involved_VVN and_CJC the_AT0 fact_NN1 that_CJT many_DT0 of_PRF them_PNP are_VBB not_XX0 yet_AV0 reading_VVG ,_PUN writing_VVG ,_PUN or_CJC adept_AJ0 at_PRP computer_NN1 keyboards_NN2 makes_VVZ them_PNP the_AT0 least_AV0 well-suited_AJ0 for_PRP online_AJ0 approaches_NN2 ._SENT Interestingly_AV0 ,_PUN when_CJS articles_NN2 were_VBD submitted_VVN for_PRP this_DT0 Special_AJ0 Issue_NN1 ,_PUN some_DT0 authors_NN2 denied_VVD that_CJT they_PNP were_VBD in_PRP a_AT0 philosophy_NN1 /_PUN reality_NN1 conflict_NN1 ._SENT Instead_AV0 ,_PUN they_PNP argued_VVD that_CJT they_PNP had_VHD managed_VVN to_TO0 keep_VVI developmentally_AV0 appropriate_AJ0 practices_NN2 ,_PUN principles_NN2 of_PRF social_AJ0 learning_NN1 theory_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 Reggio_NP0 Emilia_NP0 approach_NN1 intact_AJ0 ._SENT Such_DT0 assertions_NN2 ring_VVB hollow_AJ0 when_CJS one_PNI considers_VVZ that_CJT everything_PNI on_PRP that_DT0 list_NN1 is_VBZ rooted_VVN in_PRP child-initiated_AJ0 /_PUN child-directed_AJ0 activity_NN1 ,_PUN play-based_AJ0 /_PUN hands-on_AJ0 learning_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC dynamic_AJ0 interpersonal_AJ0 interactions_NN2 with_PRP peers_NN2 and_CJC teachers_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP a_AT0 case_NN1 study_NN1 of_PRF young_AJ0 children_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 South_NP0 Pacific_NP0 region_NN1 during_PRP COVID-19_CRD ,_PUN one_CRD young_AJ0 child_NN1 poignantly_AV0 captured_VVD the_AT0 difference_NN1 between_PRP online_AJ0 and_CJC in-person_AJ0 teaching_NN1 by_PRP asking_VVG ,_PUN "_PUQ When_AVQ are_VBB we_PNP going_VVG to_TO0 have_VHI the_AT0 real_AJ0 school_NN1 ?_SENT "_PUQ (_PUL Dayal_NP0 &_NP0 Tiko_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT COVID-19_NN1 has_VHZ changed_VVN early_AJ0 childhood_NN1 education_NN1 at_PRP every_AT0 level_NN1 ,_PUN from_PRP infant_NN1 care_NN1 to_PRP post-doctoral_AJ0 study_NN1 ._SENT 
Theme_NN1 4_CRD :_PUN Restructuring_NN1 of_PRF Higher_AJC Education_NN1 and_CJC Scholarship_NN1 Interrupted_VVN 
A_AT0 new_AJ0 assistant_AJ0 professor_NN1 of_PRF early_AJ0 childhood_NN1 education_NN1 is_VBZ waiting_VVG to_TO0 find_VVI out_AVP if_CJS she_PNP has_VHZ lost_VVN her_DPS job_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 university_NN1 ._SENT She_PNP is_VBZ a_AT0 single_AJ0 mother_NN1 whose_DTQ daughter_NN1 has_VHZ special_AJ0 needs_NN2 and_CJC they_PNP relocated_VVD to_PRP the_AT0 area_NN1 the_AT0 previous_AJ0 year_NN1 ._SENT If_CJS she_PNP is_VBZ unemployed_AJ0 ,_PUN she_PNP also_AV0 has_VHZ no_AT0 health_NN1 insurance_NN1 —_PUN in_PRP the_AT0 middle_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 global_AJ0 health_NN1 crisis_NN1 ._SENT Prior_AJ0 to_PRP COVID-19_NN1 ,_PUN her_DPS employer_NN1 's_POS financial_AJ0 situation_NN1 was_VBD precarious_AJ0 due_AV0 to_PRP declining_AJ0 undergraduate_NN1 enrollment_NN1 ._SENT Now_AV0 that_CJT the_AT0 institution_NN1 was_VBD forced_VVN to_TO0 make_VVI prorated_AJ0 refunds_NN2 of_PRF tuition_NN1 ,_PUN room_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC board_NN1 to_PRP residential_AJ0 students_NN2 ,_PUN things_NN2 have_VHB spun_VVN out_AVP of_PRF control_NN1 ._SENT All_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Department_NN1 feel_VVB threatened_AJ0 because_CJS programs_NN2 are_VBB being_VBG discontinued_VVN and_CJC departments_NN2 are_VBB being_VBG merged_VVN or_CJC even_AV0 eliminated_VVN ._SENT The_AT0 administration_NN1 suggests_VVZ that_CJT one_CRD way_NN1 to_TO0 "_PUQ save_VVI "_PUQ a_AT0 new_AJ0 colleague_NN1 from_PRP unemployment_NN1 is_VBZ for_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 senior_AJ0 professors_NN2 to_TO0 submit_VVI their_DPS retirement_NN1 letters_NN2 ._SENT Within_PRP the_AT0 Department_NN1 ,_PUN there_EX0 have_VHB been_VBN many_DT0 stressful_AJ0 online_AJ0 meetings_NN2 about_PRP how_AVQ to_TO0 schedule_VVI and_CJC staff_NN0 the_AT0 courses_NN2 that_CJT students_NN2 need_VVB to_TO0 graduate_VVI ,_PUN provide_VVB practicum_NN1 experiences_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC meet_VVB certification_NN1 /_PUN licensure_NN1 requirements_NN2 ._SENT Throughout_PRP this_DT0 upheaval_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 instructor_NN1 is_VBZ contacted_VVN frequently_AV0 by_PRP her_DPS students_NN2 ._SENT They_PNP are_VBB understandably_AV0 worried_AJ0 that_CJT they_PNP will_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI adequately_AV0 prepared_AJ0 to_TO0 teach_VVI and_CJC that_CJT jobs_NN2 will_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI waiting_VVG for_PRP them_PNP upon_PRP graduation_NN1 ._SENT 
There_EX0 is_VBZ little_DT0 doubt_NN1 that_CJT COVID-19_NN1 has_VHZ resulted_VVN in_PRP drastic_AJ0 changes_NN2 to_PRP Academia_NN1 ._SENT Lockdowns_NP0 forced_VVD higher_AJC education_NN1 to_TO0 implement_VVI distance_NN1 education_NN1 almost_AV0 overnight_AV0 (_PUL Carillo_NP0 &_NP0 Flores_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN a_AT0 situation_NN1 commonly_AV0 referred_VVN to_PRP as_PRP "_PUQ flying_VVG the_AT0 airplane_NN1 while_CJS we_PNP are_VBB building_VVG it_PNP "_PUQ ._SENT The_AT0 switch_NN1 to_PRP digital_AJ0 communication_NN1 also_AV0 made_VVN faculty_NN1 available_AJ0 to_PRP students_NN2 across_PRP time_NN1 zones_NN2 ,_PUN blurring_VVG the_AT0 lines_NN2 between_PRP work_NN1 and_CJC family_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD assumed_VVN that_CJT all_DT0 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 could_VM0 broadcast_VVI from_PRP their_DPS residence_NN1 and_CJC maintain_VVB a_AT0 professional_AJ0 presence_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP parents_NN2 who_PNQ now_AV0 had_VHD responsibility_NN1 for_PRP home_NN1 schooling_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP a_AT0 study_NN1 of_PRF 1148_CRD academics_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 United_NP0 Kingdom_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 researchers_NN2 noted_VVD that_DT0 college_NN1 /_PUN university_NN1 faculty_NN1 have_VHB been_VBN "_PUQ thrust_VVN headlong_AV0 into_PRP providing_VVG for_PRP their_DPS students_NN2 exclusively_AV0 via_PRP a_AT0 digital_AJ0 interface_NN1 "_PUQ and_CJC ,_PUN for_PRP many_DT0 ,_PUN "_PUQ this_DT0 has_VHZ been_VBN an_AT0 unusual_AJ0 ,_PUN disorienting_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC even_AV0 unwelcome_AJ0 experience_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Watermeyer_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ,_PUN unpaged_AJ0 )_PUR ._SENT A_AT0 new_AJ0 instructor_NN1 and_CJC doctoral_AJ0 student_NN1 ,_PUN Benjamin_NP0 Green_NP0 ,_PUN observed_VVD :_PUN "_PUQ So_CJS I_PNP am_VBB now_AV0 confronted_VVN with_PRP the_AT0 task_NN1 of_PRF undoing_VVG all_DT0 of_PRF my_DPS prejudices_NN2 and_CJC biases_NN2 against_PRP the_AT0 digital_AJ0 pedagogical_AJ0 revolution_NN1 ,_PUN hoping_VVG ,_PUN praying_VVG that_CJT I_PNP can_VM0 evolve_VVI quickly_AV0 enough_AV0 to_TO0 provide_VVI my_DPS students_NN2 with_PRP an_AT0 educational_AJ0 experience_NN1 that_CJT overcomes_VVZ the_AT0 obstacles_NN2 present_AJ0 within_PRP an_AT0 education_NN1 system_NN1 grappling_VVG against_PRP a_AT0 semi-apocalyptic_AJ0 viral_AJ0 pandemic_AJ0 "_PUQ (_PUL Peters_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ,_PUN unpaged_AJ0 )_PUR ._SENT College-level_AJ0 instructors_NN2 also_AV0 had_VHD to_TO0 form_VVI partnerships_NN2 with_PRP instructional_AJ0 technology_NN1 colleagues_NN2 during_PRP a_AT0 time_NN1 when_CJS everyone_PNI was_VBD scrambling_VVG to_TO0 salvage_VVI the_AT0 semester_NN1 and_CJC figure_VVB out_AVP ways_NN2 to_TO0 engage_VVI their_DPS students_NN2 from_PRP a_AT0 distance_NN1 (_PUL Bloom_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Instructors_NN2 without_PRP training_NN1 in_PRP online_AJ0 course_NN1 design_NN1 resorted_VVN to_PRP whatever_DTQ was_VBD available_AJ0 and_CJC familiar_AJ0 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP TED_NP0 Talks_NN2 ,_PUN YouTube_NN1 videos_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC massive_AJ0 online_AJ0 open_AJ0 courses_NN2 (_PUL MOOCs_NP0 )_PUR ._SENT Some_DT0 wrote_VVD and_CJC published_VVD about_PRP their_DPS efforts_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP Grissom_NP0 (_PUL 2020_CRD )_PUR who_PNQ described_VVD using_VVG the_AT0 professionally_AV0 produced_VVN Colorin_NP0 `_NP0 Colorado_NP0 videos_NN2 of_PRF teachers_NN2 of_PRF English_NN1 to_TO0 simulate_VVI a_AT0 classroom_NN1 observation_NN1 and_CJC model_NN1 reflective_AJ0 practice_NN1 ._SENT 
Yet_AV0 digital_AJ0 solutions_NN2 were_VBD not_XX0 without_PRP their_DPS drawbacks_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC some_DT0 of_PRF them_PNP related_VVN to_PRP security_NN1 issues_NN2 (_PUL Szente_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Some_DT0 hackers_NN2 crashed_VVD online_AJ0 class_NN1 meetings_NN2 ,_PUN awkward_AJ0 images_NN2 were_VBD broadcast_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC confidential_AJ0 materials_NN2 became_VVD public_AJ0 ._SENT To_TO0 avoid_VVI panic_NN1 ,_PUN faculty_NN1 downplayed_VVD the_AT0 disruptions_NN2 and_CJC pressed_VVD on_AVP ._SENT Methods_NN2 of_PRF assessment_NN1 were_VBD shaken_VVN to_PRP their_DPS core_NN1 as_CJS professors_NN2 struggled_VVD to_TO0 maintain_VVI the_AT0 integrity_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 evaluation_NN1 process_NN1 on_PRP tests_NN2 ,_PUN projects_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC papers_NN2 ._SENT Institutions_NN2 with_PRP better_AJC infrastructures_NN2 for_PRP online_AJ0 learning_NN1 had_VHD an_AT0 obvious_AJ0 advantage_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS did_VDD the_AT0 tech-savvy_AJ0 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 ,_PUN who_PNQ navigated_VVD the_AT0 transition_NN1 more_AV0 easily_AV0 ;_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN neither_AV0 covering_VVG content_NN1 nor_CJC evaluating_VVG written_AJ0 work_NN1 was_VBD the_AT0 hardest_AJS part_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 most_AV0 formidable_AJ0 problem_NN1 was_VBD providing_VVG practical_AJ0 work_NN1 experience_NN1 and_CJC internships_NN2 (_PUL Kidd_NP0 &_NP0 Murray_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ;_PUN Marinoni_NP0 ,_PUN et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Simulations_NN2 had_VHD various_AJ0 limitations_NN2 ,_PUN field_NN1 placements_NN2 were_VBD unavailable_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC opportunities_NN2 to_TO0 observe_VVI early_AJ0 childhood_NN1 educators_NN2 teaching_NN1 ,_PUN limited_AJ0 ._SENT Some_DT0 instructors_NN2 encouraged_VVD their_DPS students_NN2 to_TO0 make_VVI their_DPS own_DT0 local_AJ0 arrangements_NN2 to_TO0 observe_VVI or_CJC interview_VVI young_AJ0 children_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP instances_NN2 where_AVQ a_AT0 student_NN1 was_VBD struggling_VVG ,_PUN the_AT0 situation_NN1 was_VBD even_AV0 more_AV0 acute_AJ0 ._SENT The_AT0 numerous_AJ0 ,_PUN direct_AJ0 observations_NN2 gathered_VVN during_PRP student_NN1 teaching_NN1 that_CJT were_VBD necessary_AJ0 to_TO0 justify_VVI the_AT0 hard_AJ0 decision_NN1 not_XX0 to_TO0 recommend_VVI certification_NN1 were_VBD not_XX0 available_AJ0 ._SENT 
Internationally_AV0 ,_PUN mental_AJ0 health_NN1 problems_NN2 account_VVB for_PRP about_AV0 one-third_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 world_NN1 's_POS disability_NN1 among_PRP adults_NN2 and_CJC these_DT0 issues_NN2 escalate_VVB during_PRP deadly_AJ0 disease_NN1 outbreaks_NN2 (_PUL Otu_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Even_AV0 before_CJS the_AT0 pandemic_AJ0 ,_PUN there_EX0 was_VBD a_AT0 mental_AJ0 health_NN1 crisis_NN1 in_PRP college_NN1 students_NN2 (_PUL American_AJ0 College_NN1 Health_NN1 Association_NN1 ,_PUN 2018_CRD ;_PUN Shackle_VVB ,_PUN 2019_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Forced_AJ0 isolation_NN1 compounded_VVN students_NN2 '_POS problems_NN2 because_CJS ,_PUN "_PUQ The_AT0 university_NN1 experience_NN1 would_VM0 fundamentally_AV0 alter_VVI for_PRP many_DT0 students_NN2 ,_PUN especially_AV0 undergraduates_NN2 who_PNQ would_VM0 no_AV0 longer_AV0 experience_VVB a_AT0 unique_AJ0 life-stage_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 learning_NN1 and_CJC development_NN1 and_CJC lead_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 abandonment_NN1 of_PRF higher_AJC education_NN1 as_CJS a_AT0 socially_AV0 immersive_AJ0 and_CJC participatory_AJ0 learning_NN1 experience_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Watermeyer_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT For_PRP many_DT0 students_NN2 ,_PUN worries_NN2 about_PRP health_NN1 and_CJC safety_NN1 made_VVD it_PNP difficult_AJ0 to_TO0 concentrate_VVI on_PRP studies_NN2 ,_PUN academic_AJ0 enthusiasm_NN1 waned_VVD ,_PUN and_CJC faint_AJ0 hopes_NN2 of_PRF future_AJ0 employment_NN1 undermined_VVN persistence_NN1 at_PRP program_NN1 completion_NN1 ._SENT 
During_PRP COVID-19_AJ0 lockdowns_NN2 and_CJC quarantines_NN2 throughout_PRP the_AT0 world_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 mental_AJ0 health_NN1 issues_NN2 of_PRF adolescents_NN2 and_CJC college_NN1 students_NN2 surfaced_VVD or_CJC were_VBD exacerbated_VVN (_PUL Aristovnik_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ;_PUN Gritsenk_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Among_PRP international_AJ0 students_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 circumstances_NN2 frequently_AV0 were_VBD even_AV0 worse_AJC (_PUL Stewart_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2021_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Travel_NN1 bans_NN2 were_VBD instituted_VVN ,_PUN campus_NN1 housing_NN1 faced_VVN shutdowns_NN2 ,_PUN finances_NN2 depleted_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC visa_NN1 restrictions_NN2 became_VVD problematic_AJ0 ._SENT International_AJ0 students_NN2 had_VHD traveled_VVN great_AJ0 distances_NN2 expecting_VVG to_TO0 be_VBI immersed_VVN in_PRP a_AT0 new_AJ0 culture_NN1 and_CJC hoping_VVG to_TO0 develop_VVI greater_AJC proficiency_NN1 in_PRP another_DT0 language_NN1 ,_PUN only_AV0 to_TO0 find_VVI themselves_PNX isolated_AJ0 and_CJC working_VVG from_PRP a_AT0 computer_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP a_AT0 qualitative_AJ0 study_NN1 of_PRF faculty_NN1 and_CJC students_NN2 involved_VVN in_PRP international_AJ0 university_NN1 programs_NN2 ,_PUN they_PNP used_VVD the_AT0 words_NN2 "_PUQ painful_AJ0 "_PUQ ,_PUN "_PUQ heartbroken_AJ0 "_PUQ ,_PUN and_CJC "_PUQ crestfallen_AJ0 "_PUQ to_TO0 describe_VVI their_DPS experiences_NN2 during_PRP the_AT0 COVID-19_AJ0 lockdown_NN1 (_PUL Peters_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
As_CJS student_NN1 support_NN1 services_NN2 were_VBD curtailed_VVN or_CJC even_AV0 discontinued_VVN ,_PUN faculty_NN1 members_NN2 were_VBD available_AJ0 24_CRD /_PUN 7_CRD through_PRP digital_AJ0 means_NN0 and_CJC were_VBD contacted_VVN frequently_AV0 by_PRP needy_AJ0 ,_PUN stressed_AJ0 ,_PUN anxious_AJ0 ,_PUN fearful_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC panic-stricken_AJ0 students_NN2 ._SENT Professors_NN2 had_VHD concerns_NN2 about_PRP "_PUQ assuming_VVG levels_NN2 of_PRF responsibility_NN1 for_PRP students_NN2 '_POS welfare_NN1 that_CJT often_AV0 exceeded_VVD their_DPS expertise_NN1 and_CJC training_NN1 ,_PUN what_DTQ might_VM0 be_VBI reasonably_AV0 asked_VVN of_PRF them_PNP ,_PUN and_CJC moreover_AV0 their_DPS contractual_AJ0 and_CJC thus_AV0 legal_AJ0 obligations_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Watermeyer_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Nevertheless_AV0 ,_PUN respondents_NN2 in_PRP a_AT0 study_NN1 of_PRF 30_CRD ,_PUN 383_CRD students_NN2 from_PRP 62_CRD countries_NN2 during_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD wave_NN1 of_PRF COVID-19_AJ0 crisis_NN1 in_PRP early_AV0 2020_CRD rated_AJ0 faculty_NN1 members_NN2 as_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 satisfactory_AJ0 source_NN1 of_PRF support_NN1 (_PUL Aristovnik_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
The_AT0 need_NN1 to_TO0 provide_VVI more_DT0 support_NN1 to_PRP family_NN1 members_NN2 ,_PUN restructure_VVB course_NN1 delivery_NN1 ,_PUN revise_VVB policies_NN2 /_PUN programs_NN2 /_PUN planning_NN1 ,_PUN attend_VVB to_PRP students_NN2 '_POS needs_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC support_VVB distressed_AJ0 colleagues_NN2 ._SENT "_PUQ Zoom_NN1 fatigue_NN1 "_PUQ was_VBD such_DT0 a_AT0 pervasive_AJ0 phenomenon_NN1 that_CJT National_AJ0 Geographic_AJ0 published_VVN an_AT0 article_NN1 explaining_VVG why_AVQ the_AT0 online_AJ0 meetings_NN2 were_VBD so_AV0 dissatisfying_AJ0 (_PUL Sklar_NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT They_PNP failed_VVD to_TO0 provide_VVI what_DTQ only_AJ0 face-to-face_AJ0 events_NN2 can_VM0 offer_VVI :_PUN "_PUQ the_AT0 electricity_NN1 of_PRF real-time_AJ0 idea_NN1 exchange_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 expansion_NN1 of_PRF possibilities_NN2 that_CJT come_VVB with_PRP open_AJ0 debate_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 connectivity_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 warmth_NN1 and_CJC emotion_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Bloom_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Scholarly_AJ0 work_NN1 has_VHZ suffered_VVN too_AV0 —_PUN so_AV0 much_AV0 so_AV0 that_CJT some_DT0 institutions_NN2 gave_VVD faculty_NN1 another_DT0 year_NN1 to_TO0 work_VVI toward_PRP tenure_NN1 ._SENT Researchers_NN2 saw_VVD their_DPS plans_NN2 for_PRP data_NN0 collection_NN1 and_CJC analysis_NN1 postponed_VVN or_CJC even_AV0 abandoned_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC some_DT0 of_PRF their_DPS support_NN1 personnel_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP graduate_NN1 assistants_NN2 ,_PUN were_VBD unavailable_AJ0 ._SENT Finding_VVG the_AT0 time_NN1 and_CJC place_NN1 to_TO0 complete_VVI scholarly_AJ0 work_NN1 was_VBD another_DT0 hurdle_NN1 (_PUL Cutri_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD )_PUR as_CJS home_NN1 offices_NN2 were_VBD repurposed_VVN into_PRP online_AJ0 college_NN1 classrooms_NN2 or_CJC became_VVD places_NN2 to_PRP home_NN1 school_NN1 children_NN2 ._SENT Professional_AJ0 organizations_NN2 with_PRP annual_AJ0 conferences_NN2 as_PRP a_AT0 major_AJ0 source_NN1 of_PRF revenue_NN1 were_VBD forced_VVN to_TO0 cancel_VVI these_DT0 important_AJ0 events_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 lives_NN2 of_PRF scholars_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 networking_NN1 and_CJC collaborative_AJ0 projects_NN2 that_CJT often_AV0 are_VBB initiated_VVN at_PRP these_DT0 gatherings_NN2 were_VBD greatly_AV0 diminished_VVN and_CJC some_DT0 scholarly_AJ0 publishers_NN2 ,_PUN already_AV0 operating_VVG on_PRP slim_AJ0 profit_NN1 margins_NN2 ,_PUN faltered_VVD and_CJC failed_VVD ._SENT 
Human_AJ0 beings_NN2 have_VHB been_VBN battered_VVN and_CJC beaten_VVN in_PRP so_AV0 many_DT0 ways_NN2 by_PRP this_DT0 highly_AV0 transmittable_AJ0 and_CJC health-jeopardizing_AJ0 virus_NN1 ._SENT Think_VVB about_PRP the_AT0 terminology_NN1 that_CJT is_VBZ in_PRP use_NN1 throughout_PRP the_AT0 world_NN1 to_TO0 describe_VVI our_DPS current_AJ0 situation_NN1 :_PUN disaster_NN1 ,_PUN pandemic_AJ0 ,_PUN global_AJ0 health_NN1 crisis_NN1 ,_PUN national_AJ0 emergency_NN1 ,_PUN lockdown_NN1 ,_PUN quarantine_NN1 ,_PUN stay-at-home_AJ0 order_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC Draconian_AJ0 measures_NN2 ._SENT There_EX0 is_VBZ little_DT0 question_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 steps_NN2 taken_VVN internationally_AV0 to_TO0 halt_VVI the_AT0 spread_NN1 of_PRF COVID-19_NN1 have_VHB exacted_VVN a_AT0 heavy_AJ0 toll_NN1 on_PRP our_DPS lives_NN2 ._SENT Despite_PRP the_AT0 overwhelming_AJ0 negativity_NN1 ,_PUN hope_NN1 remains_VVZ because_CJS "_PUQ times_NN2 of_PRF crisis_NN1 and_CJC disruption_NN1 offer_NN1 opportunities_NN2 for_PRP resilience_NN1 ,_PUN growth_NN1 and_CJC extraordinary_AJ0 development_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Witt_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 2020_CRD ,_PUN p._NN0 3_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
On_PRP the_AT0 Other_AJ0 Side_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Pandemic_AJ0 
Indian_AJ0 novelist_NN1 /_PUN activist_NN1 Arundhati_NP0 Roy_NP0 (_PUL 2020_CRD )_PUR suggests_VVZ a_AT0 more_AV0 positive_AJ0 metaphor_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 COVID-19_AJ0 crisis_NN1 ;_PUN that_DT0 of_PRF a_AT0 portal_NN1 ._SENT It_PNP is_VBZ a_AT0 pathway_NN1 that_CJT leads_VVZ to_PRP a_AT0 reconfigured_VVN future_NN1 and_CJC we_PNP stand_VVB on_PRP a_AT0 threshold_NN1 leading_VVG to_PRP that_DT0 journey_NN1 ._SENT What_DTQ possible_AJ0 good_NN1 might_VM0 come_VVI from_PRP managing_VVG to_TO0 prevail_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 time_NN1 of_PRF coronavirus_NN1 ?_SENT 
Promotion_NN1 of_PRF Ethical_AJ0 Practices_NN2 /_PUN Policies_NN2 ,_PUN Global_AJ0 Perspectives_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC Collaborative_AJ0 Scholarship_NN1 
The_AT0 COVID-19_AJ0 situation_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT0 consummate_AJ0 unstructured_AJ0 problem_NN1 that_CJT confounds_VVZ efforts_NN2 to_TO0 solve_VVI it_PNP in_PRP a_AT0 linear_AJ0 ,_PUN stepwise_AJ0 fashion_NN1 ._SENT Effective_AJ0 responses_NN2 thus_AV0 far_AV0 have_VHI highlighted_VVN the_AT0 survival_NN1 skill_NN1 set_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 future_NN1 ,_PUN namely_AV0 :_PUN global_AJ0 perspectives_NN2 ,_PUN multidisciplinary_AJ0 collaboration_NN1 ,_PUN innovative_AJ0 thinking_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC principled_AJ0 practice_NN1 ._SENT 
