Civilization_NN1 and_CJC culture_NN1 are_VBB two_CRD words_NN2 thrown_VVN about_PRP so_AV0 often_AV0 in_PRP written_AJ0 and_CJC spoken_AJ0 language_NN1 that_CJT it_PNP can_VM0 be_VBI hard_AJ0 to_TO0 find_VVI succinct_AJ0 definitions_NN2 for_PRP them_PNP ._SENT We_PNP all_AV0 know_VVB what_DTQ they_PNP mean_VVB ,_PUN but_CJC to_PRP what_DTQ ,_PUN where_AVQ or_CJC when_AVQ these_DT0 concepts_NN2 point_NN1 is_VBZ harder_AJC to_TO0 define_VVI ._SENT One_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 earlier_AJC theorists_NN2 of_PRF social_AJ0 development_NN1 ,_PUN Giambattista_NP0 Vico_NP0 ,_PUN attempts_NN2 this_DT0 in_PRP The_AT0 New_AJ0 Science_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 meditation_NN1 "_PUQ on_PRP a_AT0 science_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 nature_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 nations_NN2 from_PRP which_DTQ their_DPS humanity_NN1 arose_VVD ,_PUN beginning_VVG everywhere_AV0 in_PRP their_DPS religions_NN2 and_CJC coming_VVG to_PRP completion_NN1 in_PRP their_DPS sciences_NN2 ,_PUN disciplines_NN2 and_CJC arts_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL 4_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Using_VVG Vico_NP0 as_PRP a_AT0 starting_NN1 point_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP becomes_VVZ clearer_AJC what_DTQ we_PNP mean_VVB by_PRP culture_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS that_DT0 trajectory_NN1 which_DTQ begins_VVZ in_PRP religion_NN1 and_CJC comes_VVZ to_TO0 exist_VVI as_PRP a_AT0 group_NN1 of_PRF sciences_NN2 ,_PUN disciplines_NN2 and_CJC arts_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 Ancient_AJ0 Greeks_NN2 ,_PUN customarily_AV0 taken_VVN to_TO0 represent_VVI the_AT0 origins_NN2 of_PRF Western_AJ0 civilization_NN1 ,_PUN are_VBB as_AV0 good_AJ0 a_AT0 culture_NN1 to_TO0 study_VVI as_PRP any_DT0 ,_PUN specifically_AV0 with_PRP regard_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 arts_NN2 of_PRF what_DTQ we_PNP today_AV0 call_VVB poetry_NN1 and_CJC philosophy_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 scholar_NN1 Aaron_NP0 Gare_NP0 has_VHZ noted_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 formation_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 institutions_NN2 engenders_VVZ a_AT0 certain_AJ0 reflective_AJ0 instinct_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ in_PRP the_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF Ancient_AJ0 Greek_AJ0 civilization_NN1 ,_PUN by_PRP contrast_NN1 to_PRP other_AJ0 civilizations_NN2 ,_PUN allowed_VVN for_PRP the_AT0 specific_AJ0 choosing_NN1 of_PRF institutions_NN2 meant_VVD to_TO0 uphold_VVI noble_AJ0 values_NN2 (_PUL 3_CRD )_PUR ._SENT What_DTQ were_VBD these_DT0 noble_AJ0 virtues_NN2 passed_VVD down_AVP in_PRP Greek_AJ0 education_NN1 ?_SENT Or_CJC perhaps_AV0 a_AT0 better_AJC question_NN1 is_VBZ ,_PUN what_DTQ defines_VVZ nobility_NN1 as_CJS opposed_VVN to_PRP baseness_NN1 ?_SENT 
Friedrich_NP0 Nietzsche_NP0 answers_VVZ this_DT0 question_NN1 one_CRD way_NN1 in_PRP Beyond_AV0 Good_AJ0 and_CJC Evil_AJ0 ,_PUN where_CJS he_PNP writes_VVZ that_CJT nobility_NN1 has_VHZ some_DT0 fundamental_AJ0 certainty_NN1 about_PRP itself_PNX ,_PUN "_PUQ something_PNI that_DT0 cannot_NN1 be_VBI sought_VVN ,_PUN nor_CJC found_VVD ,_PUN nor_CJC perhaps_AV0 lost_VVN ._SENT The_AT0 noble_AJ0 soul_NN1 has_VHZ reverence_NN1 for_PRP itself_PNX "_PUQ (_PUL 227_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Thus_AV0 ,_PUN nobility_NN1 can_VM0 appropriate_VVI whatever_DTQ it_PNP deems_VVZ good_AJ0 or_CJC noble_AJ0 ._SENT Gilles_NP0 Deleuze_NP0 ,_PUN in_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 and_CJC Philosophy_NN1 ,_PUN further_AV0 defines_VVZ Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS nobility_NN1 as_CJS based_VVN on_PRP aristocracy_NN1 ,_PUN action_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC affirmation_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC opposed_VVN to_PRP negation_NN1 of_PRF life_NN1 and_CJC reactive_AJ0 ways_NN2 of_PRF being_VBG ,_PUN which_DTQ may_VM0 manifest_VVI as_PRP cowardice_NN1 ,_PUN pain_NN1 ,_PUN weakness_NN1 ,_PUN accusation_NN1 and_CJC resentment_NN1 (_PUL 119-20_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Nobility_NN1 by_PRP necessity_NN1 distinguishes_VVZ and_CJC differentiates_VVZ ._SENT Deleuze_NP0 writes_VVZ ,_PUN "_PUQ What_DTQ Nietzsche_NP0 often_AV0 calls_VVZ distinction_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT0 eternal_AJ0 character_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ is_VBZ affirmed_VVN ..._PUN "_PUQ (_PUL 120_CRD )_PUR ._SENT For_PRP Deleuze_NP0 ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS differentiation_NN1 is_VBZ closely_AV0 aligned_VVN with_PRP taste_NN1 ,_PUN choosing_VVG ,_PUN and_CJC interpretation_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 does_VDZ not_XX0 preclude_VVI what_DTQ is_VBZ affirmed_VVN from_PRP changing_AJ0 ,_PUN however_AV0 ._SENT 
In_PRP Ancient_AJ0 Greece_NP0 ,_PUN paideia_NP0 was_VBD a_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF education_NN1 based_VVN on_PRP cultivating_VVG this_DT0 taste_NN1 or_CJC affirmation_NN1 ;_PUN it_PNP was_VBD a_AT0 way_NN1 to_PRP ready_AJ0 noble_AJ0 young_AJ0 men_NN2 for_PRP war_NN1 through_PRP physical_AJ0 training_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 distinguishing_AJ0 of_PRF virtue_NN1 from_PRP vice_NN1 ._SENT Gare_NP0 points_VVZ out_AVP how_AVQ the_AT0 art_NN1 of_PRF Ancient_AJ0 Greek_AJ0 society_NN1 —_PUN especially_AV0 the_AT0 tragedies_NN2 of_PRF Aeschylus_NP0 and_CJC other_AJ0 early_AJ0 dramatists_NN2 —_PUN exemplified_VVN the_AT0 perils_NN2 of_PRF fewer_DT0 limits_NN2 :_PUN paideia_NP0 was_VBD a_AT0 way_NN1 of_PRF upholding_VVG those_DT0 limits_NN2 and_CJC values_NN2 agreed_VVN upon_PRP by_PRP previous_AJ0 generations_NN2 (_PUL 4_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Paideia_AJ0 ,_PUN then_AV0 ,_PUN has_VHZ a_AT0 dualistic_AJ0 nature_NN1 as_PRP both_DT0 a_AT0 set_NN1 of_PRF limitations_NN2 and_CJC impositions_NN2 on_PRP noble_AJ0 nature_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS a_AT0 perpetuation_NN1 of_PRF agreed-upon_AJ0 noble_AJ0 values_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 noble_AJ0 ,_PUN active_AJ0 nature_NN1 is_VBZ constrained_VVN by_PRP culture_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ ,_PUN for_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN is_VBZ simply_AV0 "_PUQ training_NN1 and_CJC selection_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL Deleuze_NP0 133_CRD )_PUR ._SENT While_CJS law-making_AJ0 ,_PUN for_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN is_VBZ active_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 following_NN1 of_PRF laws_NN2 is_VBZ reactive_AJ0 ._SENT Culture_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC humanity_NN1 acting_VVG on_PRP humanity_NN1 ,_PUN is_VBZ the_AT0 acting_VVG out_AVP of_PRF reactive_AJ0 forces_NN2 ._SENT 
As_CJS such_DT0 ,_PUN culture_NN1 is_VBZ represented_VVN by_PRP any_DT0 collectivity_NN1 ;_PUN the_AT0 church_NN1 ,_PUN state_NN1 ,_PUN races_NN2 ,_PUN classes_NN2 :_PUN herds_NN2 ._SENT Culture_NN1 primarily_AV0 produces_VVZ reactive_AJ0 states_NN2 ,_PUN not_XX0 active_AJ0 individuals_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC history_NN1 ,_PUN writes_VVZ Deleuze_NP0 ,_PUN is_VBZ a_AT0 culture_NN1 's_POS record_NN1 of_PRF how_AVQ it_PNP maintains_VVZ ,_PUN preserves_VVZ and_CJC organizes_VVZ the_AT0 reactive_AJ0 life_NN1 (_PUL 138-9_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Yet_AV0 this_DT0 does_VDZ not_XX0 explain_VVI how_AVQ cultures_NN2 change_VVB ._SENT For_PRP this_DT0 ,_PUN Deleuze_NP0 considers_VVZ an_AT0 idealistic_AJ0 ,_PUN post-historic_AJ0 realm_NN1 where_AVQ the_AT0 product_NN1 of_PRF culture_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT0 sovereign_AJ0 individual_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 one_PNI who_PNQ acts_VVZ out_AVP reactive_AJ0 forces_NN2 in_PRP his_DPS own_DT0 way_NN1 :_PUN "_PUQ The_AT0 finished_AJ0 product_NN1 of_PRF species_NN0 activity_NN1 is_VBZ not_XX0 the_AT0 responsible_AJ0 man_NN1 himself_PNX or_CJC the_AT0 moral_AJ0 man_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC the_AT0 autonomous_AJ0 and_CJC supramoral_AJ0 man_NN1 ,_PUN that_DT0 is_VBZ to_TO0 say_VVI the_AT0 one_PNI who_PNQ actually_AV0 acts_VVZ his_DPS reactive_AJ0 forces_NN2 and_CJC in_PRP whom_PNQ all_DT0 reactive_AJ0 forces_NN2 are_VBB acted_VVN "_PUQ (_PUL 137_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 active_AJ0 individual_NN1 opposes_VVZ the_AT0 herd_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ in_PRP its_DPS striving_NN1 to_TO0 perpetuate_VVI its_DPS values_NN2 creates_VVZ an_AT0 obeying_AJ0 reactive_AJ0 man_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP this_DT0 striving_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ Species_NN0 activity_NN1 in_PRP history_NN1 is_VBZ inseparable_AJ0 from_PRP a_AT0 movement_NN1 which_DTQ perverts_VVZ it_PNP and_CJC its_DPS product_NN1 ..._PUN it_PNP is_VBZ identical_AJ0 to_PRP a_AT0 '_PUQ degeneration_NN1 of_PRF culture_NN1 '_POS "_PUQ (_PUL 138_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Continuous_AJ0 reactivity_NN1 degrades_VVZ those_DT0 original_AJ0 values_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 nobles_NN2 perpetuated_VVN through_PRP paideia_NP0 ._SENT Within_PRP history_NN1 ,_PUN selective_AJ0 forces_NN2 that_CJT perpetuate_VVB the_AT0 species_NN0 favor_NN1 reactive_AJ0 man_NN1 ;_PUN the_AT0 active_AJ0 man_NN1 is_VBZ more_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 be_VBI singled_VVN out_AVP and_CJC not_XX0 survive_VVB or_CJC carry_VVB on_PRP their_DPS supramoral_AJ0 values_NN2 ._SENT From_PRP the_AT0 active_AJ0 man_NN1 's_POS perspective_NN1 culture_NN1 is_VBZ degeneration_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 human_AJ0 species_NN0 ._SENT From_PRP the_AT0 perspective_NN1 of_PRF culture_NN1 ,_PUN however_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 active_AJ0 man_NN1 is_VBZ degenerate_AJ0 for_PRP resisting_VVG culture_NN1 ,_PUN for_PRP being_VBG too_AV0 noble_AJ0 ._SENT 
Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS Problem_NN1 with_PRP Socrates_NP0 
Deleuze_NP0 writes_VVZ obliquely_AV0 about_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS active_AJ0 men_NN2 :_PUN Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN Christ_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC Luther_NP0 ,_PUN how_AVQ each_DT0 bring_VVB about_PRP the_AT0 downfall_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 golden_AJ0 age_NN1 culture_NN1 that_CJT came_VVD before_PRP them_PNP :_PUN Athens_NP0 ,_PUN Rome_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 Renaissance_NN1 :_PUN "_PUQ The_AT0 genealogist_NN1 is_VBZ well_AV0 aware_AJ0 that_CJT there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 health_NN1 that_CJT only_AV0 exists_VVZ as_PRP the_AT0 presupposition_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 becoming-sick_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL 167_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 active_AJ0 man_NN1 represents_VVZ both_AV0 this_DT0 health_NN1 and_CJC this_DT0 becoming-sick_NN1 :_PUN the_AT0 former_DT0 as_CJS an_AT0 individual_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 latter_DT0 as_CJS an_AT0 embodiment_NN1 of_PRF cultural_AJ0 decline_NN1 ._SENT Recognizing_VVG that_CJT these_DT0 active_AJ0 men_NN2 are_VBB themselves_PNX the_AT0 first_ORD symptoms_NN2 of_PRF cultural_AJ0 decline_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP could_VM0 consider_VVI them_PNP inflection_NN1 points_NN2 of_PRF human_AJ0 civilization_NN1 ,_PUN when_CJS the_AT0 ascendant_NN1 plot-line_NN1 of_PRF culture_NN1 peaks_NN2 and_CJC changes_NN2 direction_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP The_AT0 Birth_NN1 of_PRF Tragedy_NN1 (_PUL 1872_CRD )_PUR Nietzsche_NP0 goes_VVZ even_AV0 farther_AV0 —_PUN for_PRP him_PNP ,_PUN Socrates_NP0 is_VBZ the_AT0 single_AJ0 most_DT0 critical_AJ0 point_NN1 in_PRP history.1_NN1 And_CJC while_CJS much_DT0 has_VHZ been_VBN written_VVN about_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS complicated_AJ0 relationship_NN1 with_PRP Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN Drew_NP0 Hyland_NP0 argues_VVZ that_CJT while_CJS Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS views_NN2 on_PRP Socrates_NP0 in_PRP his_DPS later_AJC work_NN1 do_VDB not_XX0 remain_VVI identical_AJ0 with_PRP his_DPS early_AJ0 work_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP are_VBB consistent_AJ0 regarding_PRP how_AVQ he_PNP changed_VVD Greek_AJ0 civilization_NN1 (_PUL 12_CRD )_PUR .2_CRD Michael_NP0 Gillespie_NP0 qualifies_VVZ this_DT0 shift_NN1 by_PRP describing_VVG how_AVQ Nietzsche_NP0 's_POS goal_NN1 in_PRP Twilight_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Idols_NN2 is_VBZ to_TO0 "_PUQ ..._PUN return_VVB to_PRP the_AT0 eternal_AJ0 idols_NN2 ..._PUN and_CJC subordinate_AJ0 them_PNP within_PRP his_DPS musical_AJ0 form_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ itself_PNX the_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF life_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP The_AT0 Birth_NN1 of_PRF Tragedy_NN1 ,_PUN he_PNP argued_VVD that_CJT life_NN1 was_VBD only_AV0 justified_VVN as_PRP an_AT0 aesthetic_AJ0 phenomenon_NN1 ;_PUN here_AV0 he_PNP suggests_VVZ that_CJT all_DT0 art_NN1 and_CJC aesthetics_NN1 is_VBZ justifiable_AJ0 only_AV0 as_CJS an_AT0 expression_NN1 of_PRF ascending_AJ0 life_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL 110_CRD )_PUR ._SENT "_PUQ The_AT0 Problem_NN1 of_PRF Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN "_PUQ then_AV0 ,_PUN begins_VVZ with_PRP how_AVQ Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN like_PRP all_DT0 "_PUQ the_AT0 wisest_AJS sages_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Twilight_NN1 12_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN seems_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI an_AT0 expression_NN1 of_PRF descending_AJ0 life_NN1 ._SENT 
Socrates_NP0 '_POS last_ORD words_NN2 about_PRP owing_VVG Asclepius_NP0 a_AT0 cock_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 common_AJ0 form_NN1 of_PRF sacrifice_NN1 for_PRP a_AT0 cure_NN1 ,_PUN indicate_VVB that_CJT he_PNP views_VVZ life_NN1 as_PRP an_AT0 illness_NN1 only_AJ0 death_NN1 can_VM0 cure_VVI ._SENT If_CJS Socrates_NP0 was_VBD a_AT0 life-denier_NN1 ,_PUN how_AVQ could_VM0 he_PNP be_VBI wise_AJ0 ?_SENT Nietzsche_NP0 questions_NN2 whether_CJS Socrates_NP0 was_VBD in_PRP fact_NN1 wise_AJ0 ,_PUN whether_CJS all_DT0 sages_NN2 who_PNQ have_VHB a_AT0 negative_AJ0 judgment_NN1 of_PRF life_NN1 are_VBB wise_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC if_CJS wisdom_NN1 implies_VVZ decadence_NN1 (_PUL Twilight_NN1 12_CRD )_PUR ._SENT As_CJS Werner_NP0 Dannhauser_NP0 acknowledges_VVZ ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ possible_AJ0 to_TO0 speak_VVI a_AT0 truth_NN1 despite_PRP being_VBG a_AT0 decadent_AJ0 (_PUL 208-9_CRD )_PUR ._SENT But_CJC is_VBZ Socrates_NP0 '_POS statement_NN1 about_PRP Asclepius_NP0 suggestive_AJ0 of_PRF truth_NN1 ?_SENT In_PRP the_AT0 second_ORD aphorism_NN1 ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 inveighs_VVZ against_PRP value-judgments_NN2 about_PRP life_NN1 :_PUN "_PUQ Judgments_NN2 ,_PUN value_NN1 judgments_NN2 about_PRP life_NN1 ,_PUN for_PRP or_CJC against_PRP ,_PUN can_VM0 in_PRP the_AT0 final_AJ0 analysis_NN1 never_AV0 be_VBI true_AJ0 ;_PUN they_PNP have_VHB value_NN1 only_AV0 as_CJS symptoms_NN2 ..._PUN such_DT0 judgments_NN2 are_VBB stupidities_NN2 "_PUQ (_PUL Twilight_NN1 13_CRD )_PUR ._SENT But_CJC is_VBZ it_PNP not_XX0 the_AT0 case_NN1 that_CJT Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN in_PRP calling_VVG judgments_NN2 about_PRP life_NN1 stupidities_NN2 ,_PUN is_VBZ making_VVG a_AT0 judgment_NN1 himself_PNX ?_SENT When_CJS Nietzsche_NP0 asks_VVZ if_CJS all_DT0 the_AT0 great_AJ0 sages_NN2 are_VBB decadents_NN2 or_CJC declining_AJ0 types_NN2 ,_PUN as_CJS with_PRP many_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS questions_NN2 in_PRP "_PUQ The_AT0 Problem_NN1 of_PRF Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN "_PUQ he_PNP is_VBZ leading_VVG himself_PNX as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS the_AT0 reader_NN1 to_PRP a_AT0 tenuous_AJ0 judgment_NN1 ,_PUN one_PNI that_CJT does_VDZ not_XX0 have_VHI to_TO0 be_VBI final_AJ0 ,_PUN as_CJS we_PNP shall_VM0 see_VVI by_PRP the_AT0 end_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 chapter_NN1 ,_PUN where_CJS Nietzsche_NP0 revises_VVZ and_CJC further_AV0 complicates_VVZ his_DPS notion_NN1 of_PRF Socrates_NP0 '_POS decadence_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS Gillespie_NP0 notes_VVZ ,_PUN "_PUQ Twilight_NN1 ,_PUN according_VVG to_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN is_VBZ neither_AV0 a_AT0 Yes_ITJ nor_CJC a_AT0 No_NN1 to_PRP everything_PNI it_PNP considers_VVZ ;_PUN in_PRP fact_NN1 it_PNP says_VVZ nothing_PNI at_PRP all_DT0 ;_PUN it_PNP does_VDZ not_XX0 judge_VVI "_PUQ (_PUL 110_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Yet_AV0 Twilight_NP0 's_POS playful_AJ0 aestheticism_NN1 does_VDZ do_VDI much_DT0 suggesting_VVG ,_PUN even_AV0 if_CJS it_PNP undermines_VVZ or_CJC refines_VVZ these_DT0 suggestions_NN2 eventually_AV0 ._SENT By_PRP ending_VVG this_DT0 section_NN1 with_PRP questions_NN2 about_AV0 whether_CJS all_DT0 the_AT0 great_AJ0 sages_NN2 were_VBD decadents_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC were_VBD even_AV0 wise_AJ0 to_TO0 begin_VVI with_PRP ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 concludes_VVZ by_PRP mentioning_VVG for_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD and_CJC only_AJ0 time_NN1 ,_PUN "_PUQ the_AT0 problem_NN1 of_PRF Socrates_NP0 ._SENT "_PUQ Dannhauser_NP0 writes_VVZ ,_PUN "_PUQ The_AT0 implication_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT he_PNP means_VVZ to_TO0 show_VVI the_AT0 decadence_NN1 of_PRF Socrates_NP0 but_CJC not_XX0 his_DPS lack_NN1 of_PRF wisdom_NN1 ..._PUN He_PNP is_VBZ wise_AJ0 because_CJS he_PNP quite_AV0 possibly_AV0 understood_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 value_NN1 of_PRF life_NN1 cannot_NN1 be_VBI estimated_VVN ,_PUN and_CJC that_CJT his_DPS valuations_NN2 were_VBD a_AT0 function_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS own_DT0 decadence_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 self-awareness_NN1 of_PRF decadence_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT0 kind_NN1 of_PRF wisdom_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL 210_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Thus_AV0 it_PNP is_VBZ possible_AJ0 for_PRP Socrates_NP0 to_TO0 be_VBI both_AV0 wise_AJ0 and_CJC decadent_AJ0 ._SENT 
In_PRP the_AT0 next_ORD aphorism_NN1 ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 writes_VVZ ,_PUN "_PUQ Socrates_NP0 belonged_VVD ,_PUN in_PRP his_DPS origins_NN2 ,_PUN to_PRP the_AT0 lowest_AJS folk_NN0 "_PUQ (_PUL Twilight_NN1 13_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN as_CJS demonstrated_VVN by_PRP his_DPS ugliness_NN1 ._SENT Later_AV0 in_PRP Twilight_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Idols_NN2 ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 writes_VVZ ,_PUN "_PUQ Ugly_AJ0 things_NN2 are_VBB understood_VVN as_PRP signs_NN2 and_CJC symptoms_NN2 of_PRF degenerescence_NN1 ..._PUN A_AT0 hatred_NN1 springs_VVZ up_AVP here_AV0 :_PUN who_PNQ is_VBZ man_NN1 hating_VVG here_AV0 ?_SENT But_CJC there_EX0 is_VBZ no_AT0 doubt_NN1 :_PUN the_AT0 decline_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS type_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL 53_CRD )_PUR ._SENT If_CJS the_AT0 Greeks_NN2 hated_VVD Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN it_PNP was_VBD because_CJS he_PNP did_VDD not_XX0 seem_VVI to_PRP them_PNP Greek_AJ0 enough_AV0 ._SENT In_PRP a_AT0 culture_NN1 that_CJT associates_VVZ beauty_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 good_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 noble_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 ideal_NN1 —_PUN these_DT0 are_VBB just_AV0 some_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 connotations_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 word_NN1 kalos_NN2 —_PUN for_PRP Socrates_NP0 to_TO0 be_VBI considered_VVN wise_AJ0 indicates_VVZ a_AT0 revaluation_NN1 of_PRF everything_PNI a_AT0 good_AJ0 Athenian_NN1 knew_VVD to_TO0 be_VBI true_AJ0 ;_PUN Socrates_NP0 indicated_VVD a_AT0 separation_NN1 of_PRF appearance_NN1 from_PRP essence_NN1 ._SENT A_AT0 physiognomist_NN1 arrives_VVZ in_PRP Athens_NP0 and_CJC ,_PUN "_PUQ ..._PUN said_VVD to_PRP his_DPS face_NN1 that_CJT he_PNP was_VBD a_AT0 monstrum_NN1 —_PUN that_CJT he_PNP contained_VVD all_DT0 bad_AJ0 vices_NN2 and_CJC cravings_NN2 within_PRP him_PNP ._SENT And_CJC Socrates_NP0 simply_AV0 answered_VVD ,_PUN "_PUQ You_PNP know_VVB me_PNP ,_PUN sir_NN1 !_SENT "_PUQ (_PUL 13_CRD )_PUR ._SENT But_CJC Socrates_NP0 is_VBZ a_AT0 master_NN1 of_PRF himself_PNX ,_PUN he_PNP can_VM0 contain_VVI all_DT0 those_DT0 contradictory_AJ0 impulses_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC channel_VVB all_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS instincts_NN2 into_PRP reason_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP this_DT0 sense_NN1 ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 writes_VVZ that_CJT the_AT0 equation_NN1 "_PUQ reason_NN1 =_NN1 virtue_NN1 =_NN1 happiness_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL 13_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN denies_VVZ those_DT0 instincts_NN2 based_VVN on_PRP taste_NN1 and_CJC differentiation_NN1 which_DTQ noble_AJ0 Athenians_NN2 relied_VVN upon_PRP ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 pre-Socratic_AJ0 world_NN1 ,_PUN authority_NN1 was_VBD enough_AV0 to_TO0 give_VVI reason_NN1 ;_PUN it_PNP came_VVD from_PRP within_AV0 ,_PUN "_PUQ But_CJC the_AT0 philosophers_NN2 are_VBB the_AT0 decadents_NN2 of_PRF Hellenism_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 counter-movement_NN1 against_PRP the_AT0 ancient_AJ0 ,_PUN noble_AJ0 taste_NN1 (_PUL against_PRP the_AT0 agonal_AJ0 instinct_NN1 ,_PUN against_PRP the_AT0 polis_NN1 ,_PUN against_PRP the_AT0 value_NN1 of_PRF breeding_NN1 ,_PUN against_PRP the_AT0 authority_NN1 of_PRF convention_NN1 )_PUR "_PUQ (_PUL 78_CRD )_PUR ._SENT In_PRP such_DT0 a_AT0 culture_NN1 ,_PUN to_TO0 have_VHI to_TO0 give_VVI reasons_NN2 for_PRP oneself_PNX is_VBZ a_AT0 show_NN1 of_PRF weakness_NN1 :_PUN "_PUQ Whatever_DTQ has_VHZ to_TO0 get_VVI itself_PNX proved_VVN in_PRP advance_NN1 is_VBZ n't_XX0 worth_PRP much_DT0 "_PUQ (_PUL 14_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 Athenian_AJ0 noble_NN1 ,_PUN forced_VVD to_TO0 justify_VVI himself_PNX to_PRP Socrates_NP0 ,_PUN to_TO0 provide_VVI a_AT0 definition_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 question_NN1 "_PUQ What_DTQ is_VBZ ..._PUN ?_SENT "_PUQ can_VM0 be_VBI easily_AV0 confounded_VVN through_PRP logic_NN1 and_CJC contradiction_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 type_NN1 of_PRF thinking_NN1 was_VBD vastly_AV0 different_AJ0 from_PRP a_AT0 reliance_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 particulars_NN2 of_PRF types_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ ,_PUN according_VVG to_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN was_VBD acceptable_AJ0 in_PRP noble_AJ0 Athenian_AJ0 society_NN1 before_PRP an_AT0 era_NN1 of_PRF sophistry_NN1 ._SENT Socrates_NP0 indicates_VVZ a_AT0 new_AJ0 taste_NN1 —_PUN a_AT0 taste_NN1 against_PRP decaying_AJ0 noble_AJ0 instincts_NN2 ,_PUN a_AT0 capacity_NN1 to_TO0 contain_VVI his_DPS own_DT0 base_NN1 impulses_NN2 through_PRP reason_NN1 alone_AV0 ._SENT Dialectic_NN1 ignores_VVZ the_AT0 question_NN1 "_PUQ Which_DTQ one_PNI ?_SENT "_PUQ for_PRP the_AT0 question_NN1 "_PUQ What_DTQ is_VBZ ?_SENT "_PUQ In_PRP the_AT0 latter_DT0 there_EX0 is_VBZ always_AV0 posed_VVN an_AT0 opposite_AJ0 quality_NN1 to_PRP that_DT0 which_DTQ is_VBZ defined_VVN ,_PUN which_DTQ is_VBZ essentially_AV0 negative_AJ0 and_CJC reactive_AJ0 ._SENT For_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 multiplicity_NN1 and_CJC typological_AJ0 differentiation_NN1 which_DTQ he_PNP associates_VVZ with_PRP the_AT0 noble_AJ0 taste_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 pre-Socratic_AJ0 age_NN1 is_VBZ directly_AV0 opposed_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 dialectical_AJ0 and_CJC oft-ironic_AJ0 mode_NN1 of_PRF Socratic_AJ0 questioning_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 move_NN1 to_TO0 reduce_VVI ,_PUN define_VVB ,_PUN and_CJC contradict_VVB ._SENT This_DT0 dialectical_AJ0 method_NN1 that_CJT led_VVD Socrates_NP0 to_TO0 seem_VVI wise_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 Ancient_AJ0 Greeks_NN2 is_VBZ also_AV0 ,_PUN according_VVG to_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN what_DTQ makes_VVZ him_PNP unwise_AJ0 ,_PUN or_CJC degenerate_AJ0 ,_PUN for_PRP its_DPS overreliance_NN1 on_PRP reason_NN1 as_CJS opposed_VVN to_PRP instinct_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP Nietzsche_NP0 ,_PUN "_PUQ To_TO0 have_VHI to_TO0 fight_VVI against_PRP the_AT0 instincts_NN2 —_PUN this_DT0 is_VBZ the_AT0 formula_NN1 for_PRP decadence_NN1 :_PUN so_AV0 long_AJ0 as_CJS life_NN1 is_VBZ ascendant_NN1 ,_PUN happiness_NN1 is_VBZ instinct_NN1 "_PUQ (_PUL 15_CRD )_PUR ._SENT When_CJS life_NN1 is_VBZ degenerating_AJ0 ,_PUN reason_NN1 must_VM0 be_VBI used_VVN to_TO0 pit_VVI the_AT0 instincts_NN2 against_PRP each_DT0 other_NN1 ,_PUN to_TO0 sort_VVI them_PNP ._SENT But_CJC when_CJS life_NN1 is_VBZ ascendant_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ enough_AV0 to_TO0 follow_VVI instinct_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI happy_AJ0 ._SENT As_CJS Walter_NP0 Kauffman_NP0 writes_VVZ ,_PUN defining_VVG Socratism_NN1 as_PRP the_AT0 outlook_NN1 Socrates_NP0 embodies_VVZ (_PUL 399_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN "_PUQ Socratism_NN1 itself_PNX is_VBZ decadent_AJ0 and_CJC cannot_NN1 produce_VVB a_AT0 real_AJ0 cure_NN1 ;_PUN by_PRP thwarting_VVG death_NN1 it_PNP can_VM0 only_AV0 make_VVI possible_AJ0 an_AT0 eventual_AJ0 regeneration_NN1 which_DTQ may_VM0 not_XX0 come_VVI about_AVP for_PRP centuries_NN2 ._SENT Socrates_NP0 himself_PNX realized_VVD this_DT0 :_PUN "_PUQ In_PRP the_AT0 wisdom_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS courage_NN1 to_TO0 die_VVI ,_PUN he_PNP recognized_VVD that_CJT for_PRP himself_PNX no_AT0 ultimate_AJ0 cure_NN1 was_VBD possible_AJ0 —_PUN except_CJS death_NN1 (_PUL 407_CRD )_PUR ._SENT "_PUQ Socrates_NP0 is_VBZ not_XX0 a_AT0 life-denier_NN1 or_CJC nihilist_NN1 as_CJS much_AV0 as_CJS he_PNP recognizes_VVZ the_AT0 formula_NN1 that_CJT "_PUQ reason_NN1 =_NN1 virtue_NN1 =_NN1 happiness_NN1 "_PUQ is_VBZ a_AT0 delusion_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC that_DT0 at_PRP least_AV0 for_PRP him_PNP ,_PUN death_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT0 only_AJ0 solution_NN1 :_PUN "_PUQ Socrates_NP0 is_VBZ no_AT0 doctor_NN1 ..._PUN Socrates_NP0 himself_PNX has_VHZ just_AV0 been_VBN sick_AJ0 for_PRP a_AT0 long_AJ0 time_NN1 ..._PUN "_PUQ (_PUL Twilight_NN1 17_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
The_AT0 Paradox_NN1 of_PRF Socrates_NP0 
In_PRP Genealogy_NN1 of_PRF Morals_NN2 ,_PUN Nietzsche_NP0 describes_VVZ how_AVQ ascetic_AJ0 values_NN2 are_VBB one_CRD way_NN1 of_PRF fighting_VVG against_PRP the_AT0 instincts_NN2 ,_PUN how_AVQ they_PNP can_VM0 be_VBI a_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF life-denial_NN1 ,_PUN depending_VVG on_PRP one_PNI 's_POS type_NN1 ._SENT 
