The_AT0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 concept_NN1 ,_PUN used_VVN to_TO0 describe_VVI the_AT0 origin_NN1 and_CJC development_NN1 of_PRF ancient_AJ0 states_NN2 and_CJC chiefdoms_NN2 ,_PUN was_VBD born_VVN of_PRF a_AT0 marriage_NN1 between_PRP research_NN1 interests_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 emergence_NN1 of_PRF complex_AJ0 societies_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 mid-twentieth-century_AJ0 development_NN1 of_PRF regional_AJ0 archaeological_AJ0 surveys_NN2 ._SENT Prior_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 mid-1950s_NN2 the_AT0 primary_AJ0 survey_NN1 rationale_NN1 was_VBD to_TO0 locate_VVI sites_NN2 for_PRP excavation_NN1 ;_PUN after_PRP the_AT0 1950s_CRD ,_PUN surveys_NN2 were_VBD designed_VVN to_TO0 elicit_VVI information_NN1 for_PRP a_AT0 holistic_AJ0 approach_NN1 that_CJT included_VVD the_AT0 classification_NN1 of_PRF regional_AJ0 political_AJ0 characteristics_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Adams_NP0 1965_CRD ;_PUN Willey_NP0 1953_CRD ;_PUN McDonald_NP0 and_CJC Rapp_NP0 1972_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Researchers_NN2 subsequently_AV0 used_VVN survey_NN1 data_NN0 to_TO0 address_VVI questions_NN2 of_PRF cultural_AJ0 cohesion_NN1 ,_PUN ancient_AJ0 territorial_AJ0 integration_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 origins_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 state_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 assumption_NN1 that_CJT large_AJ0 sites_NN2 constituted_VVD the_AT0 most_DT0 '_POS important_AJ0 '_PUQ loci_NN2 for_PRP territorial_AJ0 social_AJ0 complexity_NN1 and_CJC that_DT0 administrative_AJ0 authority_NN1 devolved_VVN along_PRP a_AT0 linear_AJ0 gradient_NN1 of_PRF progressively_AV0 smaller_AJC settlements_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 concept_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN so_AV0 frequently_AV0 used_VVN to_TO0 describe_VVI the_AT0 level_NN1 of_PRF sociopolitical_AJ0 complexity_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 given_AJ0 region_NN1 that_CJT its_DPS referent_NN1 often_AV0 is_VBZ uncited_AJ0 ;_PUN indeed_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 exact_AJ0 genealogy_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 concept_NN1 is_VBZ somewhat_AV0 difficult_AJ0 to_TO0 elicit_VVI from_PRP the_AT0 published_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT Kent_NP0 Flannery_NP0 (_PUL 1972_CRD )_PUR first_ORD called_VVD attention_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 descriptive_AJ0 potential_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 site-size_AJ0 rubric_NN1 ,_PUN noting_VVG that_CJT '_PUQ Wright_NP0 (_PUL 1969_CRD )_PUR has_VHZ suggested_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 appearance_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 three-tiered_AJ0 administrative_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 with_PRP trimodal_AJ0 site_NN1 sizes_NN2 (_PUL city_NN1 ,_PUN town_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC village_NN1 )_PUR may_VM0 be_VBI one_CRD indicator_NN1 of_PRF state_NN1 organization_NN1 ,_PUN taken_VVN in_PRP conjunction_NN1 with_PRP other_AJ0 phenomena.'1_NN1 Flannery_NP0 's_POS mention_NN1 of_PRF Wright_NP0 's_POS 1969_CRD work_NN1 focused_VVN on_PRP three_CRD site-size_AJ0 brackets_NN2 (_PUL as_CJS did_VDD Johnson_NP0 1973_CRD ,_PUN 15_CRD )_PUR ;_PUN Wright_NP0 's_POS own_DT0 subsequent_AJ0 discussion_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 concept_NN1 indicates_VVZ less_AV0 stringent_AJ0 parameters_NN2 ,_PUN articulating_VVG the_AT0 phrase_NN1 '_POS three_CRD or_CJC more_AV0 '_PUQ in_PRP the_AT0 definition_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 state_NN1 (_PUL Wright_NP0 1977_CRD ,_PUN 389_CRD ;_PUN see_VVB also_AV0 Wright_NP0 and_CJC Johnson_NP0 1975_CRD ,_PUN 267_CRD )_PUR ;_PUN a_AT0 decade_NN1 later_AV0 ,_PUN this_DT0 was_VBD augmented_VVN to_TO0 specify_VVI not_XX0 only_AV0 site_NN1 sizes_NN2 but_CJC also_AV0 a_AT0 variety_NN1 of_PRF qualitative_AJ0 criteria_NN2 including_PRP administrative_AJ0 technology_NN1 ,_PUN public_AJ0 architecture_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC iconography_NN1 that_CJT signaled_VVD up_AVP to_PRP five_CRD tiers_NN2 of_PRF control_NN1 hierarchy_NN1 (_PUL Wright_NP0 1986_CRD ,_PUN 333_CRD –_PUN 334_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 general_AJ0 rule_NN1 of_PRF thumb_NN1 subsequently_AV0 has_VHZ infused_VVN the_AT0 discussion_NN1 of_PRF archaeological_AJ0 chiefdoms_NN2 and_CJC states_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Isbell_NP0 and_CJC Schreiber_NP0 1978_CRD ;_PUN Marcus_NP0 and_CJC Feinman_NP0 1998_CRD ,_PUN 6_CRD ;_PUN Spencer_NP0 2003_CRD ;_PUN Duffy_NP0 2015_CRD ;_PUN Stanish_NP0 2020_CRD ;_PUN Li_NP0 et_NP0 al._NN1 2021_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Interestingly_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 concept_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI applied_VVN only_AV0 in_PRP selective_AJ0 global_AJ0 cases_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC that_DT0 too_AV0 within_PRP large_AJ0 ,_PUN contiguous_AJ0 continental_AJ0 landmasses_NN2 ._SENT Yet_AV0 a_AT0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 can_VM0 exist_VVI without_PRP any_DT0 implication_NN1 of_PRF an_AT0 emergent_AJ0 polity_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS seen_VVN for_PRP example_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Bronze_NN1 Age_NN1 Indus_NP0 culture_NN1 in_PRP what_DTQ is_VBZ today_AV0 western_AJ0 India_NP0 and_CJC Pakistan_NP0 ._SENT With_PRP only_AV0 four_CRD (_PUL or_CJC perhaps_AV0 ,_PUN five_CRD )_PUR genuine_AJ0 urban_AJ0 centers_NN2 and_CJC a_AT0 gradation_NN1 of_PRF other_AJ0 site_NN1 sizes_NN2 (_PUL Possehl_NP0 2002_CRD ,_PUN 49_CRD ;_PUN R_NP0 ._SENT Wright_NP0 2010_CRD ,_PUN 107_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN the_AT0 Indus_NP0 may_VM0 well_AV0 represent_VVI a_AT0 situation_NN1 in_PRP which_DTQ there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 clear_AJ0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 of_PRF four_CRD or_CJC five_CRD tiers_NN2 that_CJT otherwise_AV0 bears_VVZ little_AJ0 evidence_NN1 of_PRF state-like_AJ0 political_AJ0 cohesion_NN1 (_PUL for_PRP comparative_AJ0 cases_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Americas_NP0 and_CJC Papua_NP0 New_NP0 Guinea_NP0 ,_PUN see_VVB Duffy_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT By_PRP contrast_NN1 ,_PUN some_DT0 well-known_AJ0 states_NN2 –_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP the_AT0 Roman_NP0 or_CJC Qin_NP0 that_DT0 have_VHB such_DT0 a_AT0 range_NN1 of_PRF site_NN1 sizes_NN2 that_CJT they_PNP might_VM0 be_VBI described_VVN as_PRP a_AT0 6_CRD ,_PUN 8_CRD or_CJC 12-tier_AJ0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 –_PUN are_VBB never_AV0 quantified_VVN through_PRP the_AT0 site-size_AJ0 rubric_NN1 ,_PUN an_AT0 observation_NN1 that_CJT reveals_VVZ that_CJT the_AT0 principal_AJ0 purpose_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 clustering_NN1 exercise_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO0 enable_VVI lesser-known_AJ0 political_AJ0 regions_NN2 to_TO0 be_VBI definitively_AV0 pronounced_VVN to_TO0 be_VBI '_PUQ states_NN2 '_PUQ as_PRP part_NN1 of_PRF processual_AJ0 classifications_NN2 and_CJC evolutionary_AJ0 comparisons_NN2 ._SENT Other_AJ0 caveats_NN2 about_PRP the_AT0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 concept_NN1 have_VHB been_VBN offered_VVN ,_PUN ranging_VVG from_PRP unease_NN1 about_PRP the_AT0 reliability_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 data_NN0 about_PRP site_NN1 sizes_NN2 (_PUL usually_AV0 predicated_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 distribution_NN1 of_PRF ceramics_NN2 ;_PUN Spencer_NP0 2009_CRD ,_PUN 144_CRD )_PUR to_PRP a_AT0 recognition_NN1 that_CJT state-formation_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT0 dynamic_AJ0 process_NN1 with_PRP significant_AJ0 edge_NN1 effects_NN2 (_PUL Feinman_NP0 and_CJC Nicholas_NP0 1990_CRD ,_PUN 216_CRD –_PUN 217_CRD )_PUR to_PRP the_AT0 ontological_AJ0 challenge_NN1 of_PRF utilizing_VVG quantitative_AJ0 rubrics_NN2 to_TO0 assess_VVI qualitative_AJ0 ,_PUN dynamic_AJ0 human_AJ0 interactions_NN2 (_PUL what_DTQ Adam_NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Smith_NP0 critiques_NN2 as_PRP a_AT0 '_PUQ mechanical_AJ0 spatial_AJ0 ontology_NN1 ,_PUN '_PUQ Smith_NP0 2003_CRD ,_PUN 42_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
What_DTQ is_VBZ needed_VVN beyond_PRP the_AT0 site-size_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 model_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT0 way_NN1 to_TO0 understand_VVI the_AT0 internal_AJ0 dynamics_NN0 and_CJC the_AT0 mechanisms_NN2 of_PRF growth_NN1 ,_PUN integration_NN1 and_CJC change_NN1 among_PRP sites_NN2 through_PRP ongoing_AJ0 political_AJ0 interactions_NN2 ._SENT Archaeologists_NN2 have_VHB long_AV0 recognized_VVN that_CJT site_NN1 sizes_NN2 do_VDB not_XX0 always_AV0 directly_AV0 correspond_VVB to_TO0 site_VVI importance_NN1 in_PRP a_AT0 regional_AJ0 configuration_NN1 ;_PUN that_DT0 sites_NN2 of_PRF smaller_AJC sizes_NN2 can_VM0 represent_VVI special-purpose_AJ0 functions_NN2 not_XX0 duplicated_VVN at_PRP larger_AJC sites_NN2 (_PUL Flannery_NP0 1976_CRD ,_PUN 170_CRD –_PUN 171_CRD )_PUR ;_PUN and_CJC that_DT0 sites_NN2 of_PRF all_DT0 sizes_NN2 are_VBB dynamically_AV0 linked_VVN in_PRP different_AJ0 ways_NN2 at_PRP different_AJ0 times_NN2 (_PUL Feinman_NP0 and_CJC Nicholas_NP0 1990_CRD ;_PUN Duffy_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Interpretations_NN2 of_PRF ancient_AJ0 political_AJ0 connections_NN2 have_VHB expanded_VVN beyond_PRP the_AT0 notion_NN1 of_PRF hierarchy_NN1 to_TO0 encompass_VVI concepts_NN2 of_PRF heterarchy_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Crumley_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN '_PUQ distributed_AJ0 political_AJ0 influence_NN1 '_POS (_PUL Harrower_NP0 and_CJC D'Andrea_NP0 2014_CRD ,_PUN 532_CRD )_PUR and_CJC cooperation_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Carballo_NP0 ,_PUN Roscoe_NP0 ,_PUN and_CJC Feinman_NP0 2014_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN providing_VVG the_AT0 impetus_NN1 to_TO0 develop_VVI more_DT0 realistic_AJ0 analytic_AJ0 models_NN2 ._SENT Intellectual_AJ0 pathways_NN2 for_PRP archaeological_AJ0 research_NN1 come_VVN from_PRP other_AJ0 disciplines_NN2 focused_VVN on_PRP complex_AJ0 systems_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 effects_NN2 of_PRF hierarchy_NN1 have_VHB been_VBN scrutinized_VVN and_CJC critiqued_VVN and_CJC in_PRP which_DTQ a_AT0 multiplicity_NN1 of_PRF overlapping_AJ0 dynamics_NN0 are_VBB evident_AJ0 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Appley_NN1 and_CJC Winder_NP0 1977_CRD for_PRP corporate_AJ0 life_NN1 ;_PUN Larsen_NP0 2008_CRD for_PRP geography_NN1 ;_PUN Padial_NP0 and_CJC De_NP0 la_NP0 Riva_NP0 2020_CRD for_PRP biology_NN1 )_PUR ._SENT 
Dynamism_NN1 in_PRP complex_AJ0 societies_NN2 
A_AT0 focus_NN1 on_PRP '_PUQ becoming_VVG '_PUQ (_PUL sensu_PRP Gosden_NP0 and_CJC Malafouris_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR as_CJS a_AT0 process_NN1 of_PRF ongoing_AJ0 ,_PUN dynamic_AJ0 interactions_NN2 brings_VVZ to_PRP the_AT0 study_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 state_NN1 an_AT0 electric_AJ0 potentiality_NN1 of_PRF interpretation_NN1 ._SENT Understanding_NN1 state_NN1 integration_NN1 and_CJC disaggregation_NN1 as_PRP an_AT0 ongoing_AJ0 process_NN1 is_VBZ significant_AJ0 beyond_PRP achieving_VVG a_AT0 better_AJC set_NN1 of_PRF maps_NN2 or_CJC more_AV0 clearly_AV0 delineating_VVG the_AT0 types_NN2 of_PRF ancient_AJ0 societies_NN2 that_CJT can_VM0 be_VBI grouped_VVN together_AV0 into_PRP comparative_AJ0 studies_NN2 of_PRF chiefdoms_NN2 and_CJC states_NN2 ._SENT Through_PRP the_AT0 modeling_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 iterative_AJ0 minutiae_NN2 of_PRF contact_NN1 and_CJC communication_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP can_VM0 broaden_VVI the_AT0 focus_NN1 of_PRF state_NN1 interpretation_NN1 from_PRP its_DPS longstanding_AJ0 emphasis_NN1 on_PRP elites_NN2 to_TO0 include_VVI the_AT0 entire_AJ0 diversity_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 and_CJC non-human_AJ0 occupants_NN2 ._SENT We_PNP also_AV0 can_VM0 provide_VVI the_AT0 theoretical_AJ0 apparatus_NN1 to_TO0 focus_VVI on_PRP the_AT0 smallest_AJS ,_PUN most_AV0 ubiquitous_AJ0 units_NN2 of_PRF political_AJ0 action_NN1 :_PUN the_AT0 households_NN2 and_CJC individuals_NN2 whose_DTQ autonomous_AJ0 interactions_NN2 result_NN1 in_PRP multilayered_AJ0 social_AJ0 configurations_NN2 materialized_VVN in_PRP artifacts_NN2 and_CJC architecture_NN1 ._SENT 
Individuals_NN2 within_PRP political_AJ0 and_CJC environmental_AJ0 groupings_NN2 are_VBB '_PUQ self-conscious_AJ0 '_PUQ in_PRP their_DPS actions_NN2 (_PUL Wengrow_NP0 and_CJC Graeber_NP0 (_PUL 2015_CRD ,_PUN 606_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC their_DPS '_PUQ daily_AJ0 face-to-face_AJ0 interaction_NN1 ..._PUN is_VBZ the_AT0 matrix_NN1 in_PRP which_DTQ the_AT0 growth_NN1 of_PRF larger_AJC social_AJ0 formations_NN2 takes_VVZ place_NN1 '_POS (_PUL Drennan_NP0 and_CJC Peterson_NP0 2012_CRD ,_PUN 72_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 result_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI seen_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 entire_AJ0 range_NN1 of_PRF human_AJ0 activities_NN2 ,_PUN from_PRP the_AT0 moment-by-moment_AJ0 actions_NN2 of_PRF craft-making_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Gosden_NP0 and_CJC Malafouris_NP0 2015_CRD )_PUR through_PRP the_AT0 materialization_NN1 of_PRF landscape-level_AJ0 efforts_NN2 of_PRF infrastructure_NN1 ,_PUN warfare_NN1 and_CJC migration_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Erickson_NP0 and_CJC Walker_NP0 2009_CRD ;_PUN Smith_NP0 and_CJC Mohanty_NP0 2018_CRD )_PUR ._SENT A_AT0 theoretical_AJ0 apparatus_NN1 of_PRF recursive_AJ0 interactions_NN2 also_AV0 engages_VVZ with_PRP the_AT0 non-human_AJ0 elements_NN2 of_PRF daily_AJ0 life_NN1 ,_PUN including_PRP sentient_AJ0 and_CJC non-sentient_AJ0 life_NN1 forms_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 (_PUL deleterious_AJ0 or_CJC enhancing_AJ0 )_PUR effects_NN2 of_PRF sites_NN2 upon_PRP their_DPS environments_NN2 and_CJC the_AT0 differential_AJ0 impacts_NN2 of_PRF natural_AJ0 disjunctions_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP storms_NN2 ,_PUN earthquakes_NN2 and_CJC plagues_NN2 ._SENT 
In_PRP the_AT0 process_NN1 archaeology_NN1 envisioned_VVN by_PRP Gosden_NP0 and_CJC Malafouris_NP0 (_PUL 2015_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN every_AT0 human_AJ0 and_CJC non-human_AJ0 act_NN1 is_VBZ embodied_VVN in_PRP material_NN1 expressions_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC every_AT0 action_NN1 subsequently_AV0 influences_VVZ every_AT0 subsequent_AJ0 action_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 result_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT archaeological_AJ0 sites_NN2 are_VBB not_XX0 merely_AV0 discrete_AJ0 ,_PUN bounded_AJ0 entities_NN2 but_CJC are_VBB '_PUQ components_NN2 of_PRF regional_AJ0 settlement_NN1 systems_NN2 characterized_VVN by_PRP distinctive_AJ0 site_NN1 morphologies_NN2 ,_PUN land_NN1 use_NN1 strategies_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC environmental_AJ0 relationships_NN2 '_POS (_PUL Casana_NP0 2007_CRD ,_PUN 197_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Site_NN1 connections_NN2 are_VBB sustained_VVN through_PRP physical_AJ0 and_CJC social_AJ0 pathways_NN2 that_CJT shift_VVB and_CJC change_VVB as_CJS people_NN0 establish_VVB new_AJ0 connections_NN2 and_CJC abandon_VVB or_CJC avoid_VVB others_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Carballo_NP0 and_CJC Pluckhahn_NP0 2007_CRD ;_PUN Hendrickson_NP0 2012_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Pathways_NN2 and_CJC their_DPS nodes_NN2 are_VBB linked_VVN in_PRP many_DT0 ways_NN2 ;_PUN while_CJS cities_NN2 and_CJC other_AJ0 apex_NN1 political_AJ0 centers_NN2 may_VM0 drive_VVI some_DT0 types_NN2 of_PRF political_AJ0 growth_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP are_VBB not_XX0 the_AT0 exclusive_AJ0 locus_NN1 of_PRF polity_NN1 change_NN1 and_CJC may_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI the_AT0 primary_AJ0 locus_NN1 of_PRF political_AJ0 collapse_NN1 (_PUL e.g._AV0 Feinman_NP0 and_CJC Nicholas_NP0 1990_CRD ,_PUN 237_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Three_CRD case_NN1 studies_NN2 :_PUN Siin_NP0 West_NP0 Africa_NP0 ,_PUN Angkor_NP0 ,_PUN Andean_AJ0 Moche_NN1 culture_NN1 
Three_CRD examples_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 internal_AJ0 workings_NN2 of_PRF complex_AJ0 societies_NN2 illustrate_VVB the_AT0 variability_NN1 in_PRP social_AJ0 ,_PUN economic_AJ0 ,_PUN ritual_AJ0 and_CJC political_AJ0 configurations_NN2 that_CJT necessitate_VVB recursive_AJ0 ,_PUN dynamic_AJ0 models_NN2 beyond_PRP site-size_AJ0 hierarchies_NN2 ._SENT 
The_AT0 Siin_NP0 region_NN1 of_PRF West_NP0 Africa_NP0 in_PRP the_AT0 mid-second_ORD millennium_NN1 CE_NP0 was_VBD characterized_VVN by_PRP a_AT0 distribution_NN1 of_PRF smaller_AJC and_CJC larger_AJC sites_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC François_NP0 Richard_NP0 (_PUL 2017_CRD ,_PUN 211_CRD ,_PUN 213_CRD )_PUR observes_VVZ that_CJT these_DT0 two-level_AJ0 site_NN1 size_NN1 hierarchies_NN2 were_VBD nonetheless_AV0 sophisticated_AJ0 beyond_PRP a_AT0 village-and-hamlet_NN1 binary_AJ0 because_CJS there_EX0 were_VBD immaterial_AJ0 ways_NN2 in_PRP which_DTQ inhabitants_NN2 expressed_VVD power_NN1 ,_PUN e.g._AV0 through_PRP people_NN0 rather_AV0 than_CJS monumental_AJ0 architecture_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ means_VVZ that_CJT we_PNP may_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI able_AJ0 to_TO0 see_VVI site_NN1 '_POS sizes_NN2 '_POS or_CJC signs_NN2 of_PRF visible_AJ0 labor_NN1 investment_NN1 in_PRP monuments_NN2 as_CJS being_VBG the_AT0 only_AJ0 yardstick_NN1 of_PRF integrative_AJ0 iterations_NN2 ._SENT He_PNP also_AV0 suggests_VVZ that_CJT due_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 nature_NN1 of_PRF cultivation_NN1 and_CJC mobility_NN1 ,_PUN small_AJ0 settlements_NN2 were_VBD short-lived_AJ0 (_PUL Richard_NP0 2017_CRD ,_PUN 215_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN a_AT0 factor_NN1 that_CJT would_VM0 overpopulate_VVI a_AT0 map_NN1 of_PRF site_NN1 locations_NN2 within_PRP broad_AJ0 chronological_AJ0 periods_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS seemingly_AV0 simple_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 two-tiered_AJ0 site_NN1 size_NN1 hierarchy_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Siin_NP0 region_NN1 supports_VVZ the_AT0 interpretive_AJ0 extrapolation_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 variety_NN1 of_PRF complex_AJ0 political_AJ0 configurations_NN2 :_PUN a_AT0 village-and-hamlet_NN1 settlement_NN1 configuration_NN1 without_PRP any_DT0 greater_AJC territorial_AJ0 political_AJ0 integration_NN1 ;_PUN a_AT0 small_AJ0 chiefdom_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 process_NN1 of_PRF consolidating_AJ0 networks_NN2 ;_PUN a_AT0 small_AJ0 chiefdom_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 verge_NN1 of_PRF collapse_NN1 ;_PUN a_AT0 collapsed_AJ0 system_NN1 with_PRP significant_AJ0 outside_AJ0 disruptions_NN2 leading_VVG to_PRP settlement_NN1 dispersal_NN1 ;_PUN and_CJC /_PUN or_CJC a_AT0 steady_AJ0 and_CJC robust_AJ0 configuration_NN1 characterized_VVN by_PRP bimodal_AJ0 site_NN1 size_NN1 distributions_NN2 within_PRP distinct_AJ0 configurations_NN2 of_PRF climate_NN1 ,_PUN agricultural_AJ0 production_NN1 strategies_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC transportation_NN1 capacities_NN2 ._SENT 
Tegan_NP0 Hall_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 (_PUL 2016_CRD )_PUR provide_VVB an_AT0 analysis_NN1 of_PRF non-hierarchical_AJ0 dynamics_NN0 in_PRP their_DPS analysis_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 hinterlands_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 second-millennium_NN1 CE_NP0 Angkor_NP0 polity_NN1 in_PRP Cambodia_NP0 through_PRP a_AT0 study_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 site_NN1 of_PRF Preah_NP0 Khan_NP0 ,_PUN an_AT0 iron-producing_AJ0 site_NN1 located_VVN 100_CRD km_NN0 east_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 political_AJ0 capital_NN1 of_PRF Angkor_NP0 ._SENT Evidence_NN1 for_PRP Preah_NP0 Khan_NP0 's_POS affiliation_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 Angkorian_AJ0 polity_NN1 is_VBZ evidenced_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 presence_NN1 of_PRF temple_NN1 complexes_NN2 that_CJT closely_AV0 follow_VVB the_AT0 style_NN1 and_CJC structure_NN1 of_PRF royal_AJ0 architecture_NN1 associated_VVN with_PRP the_AT0 rulers_NN2 Suryavarman_NN1 II_CRD (_PUL 1113_CRD –_PUN 1150_CRD CE_NP0 )_PUR and_CJC Jayavarman_NP0 VII_CRD (_PUL 1182_CRD –_PUN 1218_CRD CE_NP0 ;_PUN Hall_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 2016_CRD ,_PUN 59_CRD )_PUR ,_PUN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS the_AT0 presence_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 road_NN1 network_NN1 that_CJT linked_VVD Angkor_NP0 with_PRP the_AT0 site_NN1 of_PRF Preah_NP0 Khan_NP0 (_PUL Hendrickson_NP0 2011_CRD )_PUR ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 differential_AJ0 timing_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 temples_NN2 ,_PUN reservoir_NN1 and_CJC iron_NN1 production_NN1 indicates_VVZ that_CJT these_DT0 were_VBD likely_AJ0 to_TO0 have_VHI been_VBN sequential_AJ0 rather_AV0 than_CJS simultaneous_AJ0 developments_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC that_CJT the_AT0 relationship_NN1 between_PRP Preah_NP0 Khan_NP0 and_CJC Angkor_NP0 was_VBD a_AT0 dynamic_AJ0 one_PNI that_CJT changed_VVD over_PRP time_NN1 ._SENT Even_AV0 the_AT0 '_PUQ collapse_NN1 '_PUQ of_PRF the_AT0 Angkorian_AJ0 political_AJ0 realm_NN1 was_VBD not_XX0 a_AT0 lockstep_AJ0 process_NN1 with_PRP instantaneous_AJ0 effects_NN2 on_PRP its_DPS surrounding_AJ0 network_NN1 ._SENT Instead_AV0 ,_PUN researchers_NN2 have_VHB found_VVN that_CJT there_EX0 was_VBD a_AT0 spike_NN1 in_PRP charcoal_NN1 at_PRP Preah_NP0 Khan_NP0 indicative_NN1 of_PRF iron_NN1 production_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 waning_AJ0 days_NN2 of_PRF Angkor_NP0 ,_PUN suggesting_VVG that_CJT the_AT0 disarticulation_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 polity_NN1 was_VBD accompanied_VVN by_PRP resurgence_NN1 in_PRP its_DPS hinterlands_NN2 and_CJC that_CJT '_PUQ the_AT0 apparent_AJ0 cessation_NN1 of_PRF control_NN1 by_PRP the_AT0 political_AJ0 and_CJC economic_AJ0 elite_NN1 based_VVN at_PRP Angkor_NP0 appears_VVZ to_TO0 have_VHI occurred_VVN prior_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 political_AJ0 abandonment_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 capital_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 early_AJ0 15th_ORD century_NN1 '_POS (_PUL Hall_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 2016_CRD ,_PUN 62_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Edward_NP0 Swenson_NP0 's_POS (_PUL 2012_CRD )_PUR study_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Moche_NN1 period_NN1 (_PUL 100_CRD –_PUN 800_CRD CE_NP0 )_PUR incorporates_VVZ excavation_NN1 and_CJC survey_NN1 data_NN0 to_TO0 show_VVI that_CJT population_NN1 centers_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 Jequetepeque_NN1 Valley_NN1 of_PRF Peru_NP0 had_VHD differential_AJ0 investments_NN2 in_PRP social_AJ0 and_CJC community_NN1 activities_NN2 as_CJS expressed_VVN in_PRP architecture_NN1 and_CJC trash_NN1 deposits_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP particular_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 24-ha_AJ0 site_NN1 of_PRF Huaca_NP0 Colorada_NP0 has_VHZ evidence_NN1 for_PRP very_AV0 time-consuming_AJ0 ritual_NN1 activities_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP intentional_AJ0 burial_NN1 and_CJC reconstruction_NN1 of_PRF platforms_NN2 and_CJC chambers_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 intensity_NN1 of_PRF ritual_AJ0 activities_NN2 made_VVD Huaca_NP0 Colorada_NP0 prominent_AJ0 beyond_PRP the_AT0 implications_NN2 of_PRF its_DPS size_NN1 ,_PUN given_VVN that_CJT '_PUQ its_DPS spatial_AJ0 configuration_NN1 ,_PUN practices_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC institutions_NN2 seem_VVB to_TO0 have_VHI diverged_VVN remarkably_AV0 from_PRP other_AJ0 "_PUQ centers_NN2 "_PUQ in_PRP the_AT0 valley_NN1 '_POS (_PUL Swenson_NP0 2012_CRD ,_PUN 22_CRD ,_PUN citing_VVG Castillo_NP0 ,_PUN 2010_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 investigator_NN1 further_AV0 concluded_VVD that_CJT '_PUQ the_AT0 polycentric_AJ0 settlement_NN1 system_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX0 suggest_VVI a_AT0 clear-cut_AJ0 hierarchy_NN1 of_PRF sites_NN2 and_CJC political_AJ0 institutions_NN2 but_CJC points_NN2 to_PRP alternative_AJ0 "_PUQ constructions_NN2 "_PUQ of_PRF place_NN1 and_CJC politics_NN1 specific_AJ0 to_PRP Moche_NP0 Jequetepeque_NP0 '_POS (_PUL Swenson_NP0 2012_CRD ,_PUN 22_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Just_AV0 as_CJS Preah_NP0 Khan_NP0 was_VBD an_AT0 important_AJ0 economic_AJ0 place_NN1 that_CJT provided_VVD it_PNP with_PRP a_AT0 special_AJ0 role_NN1 ,_PUN Huaca_NP0 Colorada_NP0 was_VBD an_AT0 important_AJ0 ritual_NN1 place_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 special_AJ0 role_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Moche_NP0 landscape_NN1 ;_PUN while_CJS each_DT0 site_NN1 was_VBD incorporated_VVN into_PRP a_AT0 larger_AJC political_AJ0 configuration_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP also_AV0 had_VHD internal_AJ0 social_AJ0 dynamics_NN0 and_CJC independent_AJ0 factors_NN2 of_PRF change_NN1 and_CJC stasis_NN1 ._SENT 
Alternative_AJ0 models_NN2 
Gosden_NP0 and_CJC Malafouris_NP0 (_PUL 2015_CRD ,_PUN 701_CRD )_PUR discuss_VVB the_AT0 process_NN1 of_PRF '_PUQ becoming_VVG '_PUQ as_CJS one_PNI that_CJT is_VBZ more_AV0 dynamic_AJ0 and_CJC intense_AJ0 than_CJS any_DT0 single_AJ0 moment_NN1 of_PRF '_PUQ being_VBG ._SENT '_PUQ Applied_VVN to_PRP the_AT0 development_NN1 of_PRF social_AJ0 complexity_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF chiefdoms_NN2 and_CJC states_NN2 ,_PUN their_DPS concept_NN1 of_PRF process_NN1 archaeology_NN1 (_PUL P-Arch_NP0 )_PUR compels_VVZ researchers_NN2 to_TO0 recognize_VVI that_CJT any_DT0 single_AJ0 moment_NN1 of_PRF activity_NN1 that_DT0 is_VBZ materialized_VVN in_PRP an_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 site_NN1 represents_VVZ a_AT0 slice_NN1 of_PRF reality_NN1 within_PRP a_AT0 longue_NN1 durée_NN1 of_PRF continuity_NN1 and_CJC that_DT0 complex_AJ0 societies_NN2 are_VBB dynamic_AJ0 before_AV0 ,_PUN during_PRP and_CJC after_PRP the_AT0 cartographic_AJ0 depiction_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS unique_AJ0 moment_NN1 of_PRF maximal_AJ0 size_NN1 (_PUL cf._VVB M.L._NN0 Smith_NP0 2005_CRD ;_PUN Gosden_NP0 and_CJC Malafouris_NP0 2015_CRD ,_PUN 704_CRD )_PUR .Five_CRD models_NN2 from_PRP biology_NN1 ,_PUN engineering_NN1 and_CJC computational_AJ0 sciences_NN2 are_VBB proposed_VVN to_TO0 understand_VVI the_AT0 workings_NN2 and_CJC implications_NN2 of_PRF locational_AJ0 autonomy_NN1 within_PRP larger_AJC systems_NN2 by_PRP identifying_VVG the_AT0 recursive_AJ0 elements_NN2 characteristic_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 process_NN1 of_PRF '_PUQ becoming_VVG '_PUQ :_PUN 
1_CRD )_PUR Reticulated_AJ0 hierarchies_NN2 blend_VVB local_AJ0 autonomy_NN1 with_PRP hierarchical_AJ0 linkages_NN2 (_PUL Winder_NP0 and_CJC Winder_NP0 2014_CRD ;_PUN Figure_NN1 1_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
