The_AT0 increased_AJ0 size_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 at_PRP 300_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 is_VBZ evident_AJ0 in_PRP Fig._NN1 3_CRD ,_PUN Fig._NN1 4._CRD There_EX0 is_VBZ little_DT0 change_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 L_ZZ0 /_PUN W_ZZ0 ratio_NN1 as_CJS noted_VVN by_PRP Kaplan_NP0 ,_PUN 1956_CRD ,_PUN Wagner_NP0 ,_PUN 1987_CRD ;_PUN for_PRP pinto_NN1 there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 moderate_AJ0 positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP temperature_NN1 and_CJC L_ZZ0 /_PUN W_ZZ0 ratio_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.57881_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR and_CJC for_PRP kidney_NN1 there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 negligible_AJ0 ,_PUN nonsignificant_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.0005_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.99582_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 seeds_NN2 lost_VVD mass_AJ0 throughout_PRP the_AT0 sequence_NN1 ,_PUN with_PRP median_AJ0 decreases_NN2 from_PRP ~_NP0 20_CRD %_NN0 at_PRP 220_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 to_PRP ~_NN1 80_CRD %_NN0 at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ;_PUN the_AT0 largest_AJS percentage_NN1 decrease_NN1 occurred_VVN between_PRP seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 220_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 and_CJC 240_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT Temperature_NN1 and_CJC mass_AJ0 loss_NN1 percent_NN0 have_VHB a_AT0 very_AV0 strong_AJ0 negative_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP both_DT0 varieties_NN2 (_PUL pinto_NN1 :_PUN ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.99287_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.00000_CRD ;_PUN kidney_NN1 :_PUN ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.99147_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Percent_NN0 change_NN1 in_PRP mass_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI whole_AJ0 seeds_NN2 have_VHB a_AT0 moderate_AJ0 ,_PUN positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP pinto_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.64279_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR and_CJC a_AT0 weak_AJ0 ,_PUN positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP kidney_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.31845_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00124_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 became_VVD brittle_AJ0 with_PRP heating_NN1 ,_PUN breaking_VVG with_PRP audible_AJ0 cracks_NN2 ._SENT Cotyledon_NN1 compression_NN1 strength_NN1 decreased_VVN throughout_PRP the_AT0 sequence_NN1 ._SENT Percent_NN0 change_NN1 in_PRP mass_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI cotyledons_NN2 have_VHB strong_AJ0 positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlations_NN2 (_PUL pinto_NN1 :_PUN ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.85621_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.00000_CRD ;_PUN kidney_NN1 :_PUN ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.76004_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Given_VVN that_CJT cotyledon_NN1 lengths_NN2 extended_VVN beyond_PRP the_AT0 area_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 indenter_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ possible_AJ0 that_CJT length_NN1 influenced_VVN breakage_NN1 force_NN1 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN partial_AJ0 correlation_NN1 of_PRF length_NN1 and_CJC breakage_NN1 force_NN1 controlling_VVG for_PRP temperature_NN1 resulted_VVN in_PRP negligible_AJ0 ,_PUN non-significant_AJ0 correlations_NN2 (_PUL pinto_NN1 :_PUN r_ZZ0 =_NP0 −0.07197_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.45707_CRD ;_PUN kidney_NN1 :_PUN r_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.06309_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.51458_CRD )_PUR indicating_VVG that_CJT the_AT0 length_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 cotyledon_NN1 had_VHD little_DT0 if_CJS any_DT0 effect_NN1 on_PRP breakage_NN1 force_NN1 ._SENT 
3.2_CRD ._SENT Rehydrated_VVN seeds_NN2 
The_AT0 rehydrated_VVN seeds_NN2 were_VBD visually_AV0 different_AJ0 from_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seeds_NN2 after_PRP heating_NN1 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 (_PUL Fig._NN1 7_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Of_PRF particular_AJ0 note_NN1 is_VBZ that_CJT the_AT0 testae_NN2 survived_VVD largely_AV0 intact_AJ0 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 up_AVP to_PRP 320_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 with_PRP glossy_AJ0 exterior_NN1 surfaces_NN2 ._SENT On_PRP seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 380_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 fragments_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 testa_NN1 remained_VVD attached_VVN but_CJC were_VBD mostly_AV0 absent_AJ0 on_PRP the_AT0 seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT Warping_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 occurred_VVN at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 ._SENT No_AT0 surficial_AJ0 fissures_NN2 occurred_VVN at_PRP higher_AJC temperatures_NN2 as_CJS in_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seeds_NN2 ._SENT Partial_AJ0 exterior_NN1 surface_NN1 consumption_NN1 of_PRF one_CRD or_CJC both_DT0 cotyledons_NN2 occurred_VVN on_PRP seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP temperatures_NN2 ≥_NN1 280_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT The_AT0 plumule_NN1 ,_PUN epicotyl_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC hypocotyl_NN1 preserved_VVN in_PRP whole_NN1 or_CJC part_NN1 in_PRP some_DT0 cotyledons_NN2 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 ._SENT Partial_AJ0 splitting_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 seed_NN1 into_PRP cotyledons_NN2 was_VBD common_AJ0 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 ,_PUN with_PRP warping_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 often_AV0 occurring_VVG at_PRP the_AT0 anterior_AJ0 end_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 seed_NN1 ,_PUN where_AVQ the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 separated_VVN and_CJC spread_VVN outward_AV0 ._SENT Seeds_NN2 lacking_VVG such_DT0 splitting_VVG and_CJC warping_VVG often_AV0 exhibited_VVN burned-out_AJ0 hila_NN1 areas_NN2 where_AVQ gasses_NN2 vented_VVD ._SENT Contrasting_VVG with_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 ,_PUN most_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 rehydrated_VVN seed_NN1 cotyledon_NN1 interiors_NN2 were_VBD burned_VVN away_AV0 at_PRP higher_AJC temperatures_NN2 ._SENT This_DT0 often_AV0 resulted_VVN in_PRP shell-like_AJ0 appearances_NN2 with_PRP rippled_AJ0 or_CJC wavy_AJ0 interior_NN1 surfaces_NN2 ._SENT Large_AJ0 voids_NN2 occurred_VVN within_PRP the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 as_CJS evident_AJ0 in_PRP cross-section_NN1 (_PUL Fig._NN1 8_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Cotyledon_NN1 cross-section_NN1 textures_NN2 appear_VVB similar_AJ0 throughout_PRP the_AT0 temperature_NN1 range_NN1 except_CJS for_PRP those_DT0 of_PRF seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ,_PUN which_DTQ were_VBD coarser_AJC ._SENT The_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 were_VBD at_PRP least_AV0 partially_AV0 fused_VVN to_PRP one_CRD another_DT0 in_PRP all_DT0 kidney_NN1 seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 380_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 and_CJC half_DT0 of_PRF those_DT0 at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT Cotyledon_NN1 fusing_NN1 was_VBD less_AV0 apparent_AJ0 in_PRP pinto_NN1 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 ._SENT 
Fig._NN1 7._CRD Example_NN1 rehydrated_VVD pinto_NN1 and_CJC kidney_NN1 bean_NN1 seed_NN1 cotyledon_NN1 exteriors_NN2 (_PUL left_AJ0 )_PUR and_CJC interiors_NN2 (_PUL right_AV0 )_PUR after_PRP charring_VVG at_PRP indicated_AJ0 temperatures_NN2 (_PUL °_NN0 C_ZZ0 )_PUR ._SENT Each_DT0 pair_NN0 is_VBZ the_AT0 same_DT0 cotyledon_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 interior_AJ0 surface_NN1 image_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN rotated_VVN and_CJC flipped_VVD so_AV0 that_CJT the_AT0 anterior_AJ0 end_NN1 is_VBZ at_PRP the_AT0 top_NN1 and_CJC hilum_NN1 region_NN1 is_VBZ to_PRP the_AT0 right_NN1 ._SENT Brightness_NN1 and_CJC contrast_NN1 have_VHB been_VBN adjusted_VVN to_TO0 make_VVI features_NN2 visible_AJ0 ._SENT Arrows_NN2 point_VVB to_PRP embryos_NN2 ._SENT 
As_CJS would_VM0 be_VBI expected_VVN because_CJS of_PRF higher_AJC water_NN1 content_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 loss_NN1 of_PRF mass_NN1 was_VBD greater_AJC in_PRP the_AT0 rehydrated_VVN than_CJS in_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seeds_NN2 (_PUL Fig._NN1 9_CRD )_PUR ._SENT There_EX0 are_VBB very_AV0 strong_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 negative_AJ0 correlations_NN2 between_PRP temperature_NN1 and_CJC loss_NN1 of_PRF mass_AJ0 percentages_NN2 (_PUL pinto_NN1 ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.98264_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.00000_CRD ;_PUN kidney_NN1 :_PUN ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.98615_NP0 ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Mann-Whitney_NP0 U_ZZ0 tests_NN2 indicate_VVB no_AT0 significant_AJ0 difference_NN1 between_PRP loss_NN1 of_PRF mass_AJ0 percentage_NN1 for_PRP dried_AJ0 seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 and_CJC rehydrated_VVD seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 280_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 (_PUL pinto_NN1 :_PUN exact_AJ0 permutation_NN1 p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.1333_CRD ;_PUN kidney_NN1 :_PUN exact_AJ0 permutation_NN1 p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.20996_CRD )_PUR ._SENT There_EX0 are_VBB very_AV0 strong_AJ0 negative_AJ0 ,_PUN monotonic_AJ0 correlations_NN2 between_PRP temperature_NN1 and_CJC change_NN1 in_PRP length_NN1 (_PUL pinto_NN1 ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.91915_NP0 ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.00000_CRD ;_PUN kidney_NN1 :_PUN ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.90611_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR and_CJC strong_AJ0 ,_PUN negative_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP change_NN1 in_PRP width_NN1 for_PRP pinto_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.82648_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR and_CJC moderate_AJ0 ,_PUN negative_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP kidney_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.53683_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT There_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 negligible_AJ0 ,_PUN negative_AJ0 ,_PUN non-significant_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlations_NN2 between_PRP temperature_NN1 and_CJC L_ZZ0 /_PUN W_ZZ0 ratio_NN1 for_PRP pinto_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0.17742_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.17885_CRD )_PUR and_CJC moderate_AJ0 ,_PUN negative_AJ0 ,_PUN significant_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP kidney_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 −0_CRD ._SENT 61504_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Percent_NN0 change_NN1 in_PRP mass_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI whole_AJ0 seeds_NN2 have_VHB a_AT0 strong_AJ0 ,_PUN positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP pinto_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.76059_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR and_CJC a_AT0 moderate_AJ0 ,_PUN positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP kidney_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.64442_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00124_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Like_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 ,_PUN the_AT0 rehydrated_VVN seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 became_VVD brittle_AJ0 after_PRP heating_NN1 ,_PUN breaking_VVG with_PRP audible_AJ0 cracks_NN2 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN unlike_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seeds_NN2 ,_PUN breakage_NN1 was_VBD irregular_AJ0 resulting_VVG in_PRP part_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 large_AJ0 voids_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 ._SENT It_PNP was_VBD more_AV0 common_AJ0 for_PRP cotyledons_NN2 to_TO0 break_VVI into_PRP multiple_AJ0 pieces_NN2 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 than_CJS dried_AJ0 seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 which_DTQ typically_AV0 broke_VVD into_PRP two_CRD pieces_NN2 ._SENT There_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 strong_AJ0 positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 between_PRP loss_NN1 of_PRF mass_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI cotyledons_NN2 for_PRP pinto_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.76059_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR and_CJC moderate_AJ0 positive_AJ0 monotonic_AJ0 correlation_NN1 for_PRP kidney_NN1 (_PUL ρ_NP0 =_NP0 0.61063_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.00000_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI rehydrated_VVN seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 was_VBD substantially_AV0 less_AV0 than_CJS that_DT0 for_PRP the_AT0 dried_AJ0 seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 ._SENT A_AT0 Mann-Whitney_NP0 U_ZZ0 test_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI cotyledons_NN2 indicates_VVZ no_AT0 significant_AJ0 difference_NN1 between_PRP rehydrated_VVN pinto_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 240_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 and_CJC dried_AJ0 seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 (_PUL exact_AJ0 permutation_NN1 p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.1333_CRD )_PUR and_CJC no_AT0 significant_AJ0 difference_NN1 between_PRP rehydrated_VVN kidney_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 280_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 and_CJC dried_AJ0 seed_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 (_PUL exact_AJ0 permutation_NN1 p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.18057_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Partial_AJ0 correlation_NN1 of_PRF length_NN1 and_CJC force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI cotyledons_NN2 controlling_VVG for_PRP temperature_NN1 was_VBD negligible_AJ0 and_CJC non-significant_AJ0 for_PRP pinto_NN1 :_PUN (_PUL r_ZZ0 =_NP0 −0.01729_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.89656_CRD )_PUR and_CJC weak_AJ0 for_PRP kidney_NN1 (_PUL r_ZZ0 =_NP0 0.29696_CRD ,_PUN p_ZZ0 =_NN1 0.02237_CRD )_PUR indicating_VVG cotyledon_NN1 length_NN1 has_VHZ no_AV0 to_PRP little_DT0 effect_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 force_NN1 needed_VVD to_TO0 break_VVI cotyledons_NN2 ._SENT 
4._CRD Discussion_NN1 
Given_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 identification_NN1 of_PRF charred_AJ0 common_AJ0 bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 from_PRP archaeological_AJ0 sites_NN2 is_VBZ based_VVN primarily_AV0 on_PRP overall_AJ0 shape_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 charred_AJ0 cotyledons_NN2 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 resulting_VVG from_PRP these_DT0 experiments_NN2 would_VM0 be_VBI identified_VVN as_PRP common_AJ0 bean_NN1 ._SENT Distortion_NN1 is_VBZ evident_AJ0 in_PRP changing_VVG length_NN1 and_CJC width_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC the_AT0 oval_NN1 to_PRP renal_AJ0 shape_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 was_VBD evident_AJ0 throughout_PRP ,_PUN and_CJC there_EX0 is_VBZ little_DT0 change_NN1 in_PRP L_ZZ0 /_PUN W_ZZ0 ratios_NN2 for_PRP both_DT0 varieties_NN2 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ apparent_AJ0 that_CJT the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 charred_VVN at_PRP high_AJ0 temperatures_NN2 would_VM0 be_VBI unlikely_AJ0 to_TO0 have_VHI survived_VVN intact_AJ0 in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 if_CJS at_PRP all_DT0 ._SENT The_AT0 fissures_NN2 and_CJC partial_AJ0 consumption_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 interiors_NN2 along_AVP with_PRP the_AT0 loss_NN1 of_PRF mass_NN1 in_PRP dried_AJ0 beans_NN2 resulted_VVN in_PRP substantial_AJ0 loss_NN1 of_PRF compression_NN1 strength_NN1 with_PRP median_NN1 N_ZZ0 at_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 being_NN1 ~_NN1 11_CRD %_NN0 of_PRF that_DT0 needed_VVN to_TO0 break_VVI a_AT0 pinto_NN1 or_CJC kidney_NN1 cotyledon_NN1 heated_VVN at_PRP 220_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT The_AT0 decrease_NN1 in_PRP compression_NN1 strength_NN1 is_VBZ particularly_AV0 evident_AJ0 at_PRP all_DT0 temperatures_NN2 >_VVB 280_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 for_PRP pinto_NN1 and_CJC >_NN1 300_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 for_PRP kidney_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 rehydrated_VVN bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 exhibited_VVD less_DT0 resistance_NN1 to_PRP breakage_NN1 than_CJS did_VDD dried_AJ0 bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 ._SENT While_CJS not_XX0 exhibiting_VVG the_AT0 external_AJ0 surficial_AJ0 fissures_NN2 ,_PUN large_AJ0 voids_NN2 occurred_VVN within_PRP the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC much_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 cotyledon_NN1 interiors_NN2 were_VBD consumed_VVN ,_PUN weakening_VVG their_DPS structures_NN2 ._SENT 
From_PRP their_DPS earliest_AJS occurrences_NN2 ,_PUN bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 Northeast_NN1 are_VBB frequently_AV0 recovered_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 contexts_NN2 as_PRP charred_AJ0 maize_NN1 kernels_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Heckenberger_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 ,_PUN 1992_CRD ,_PUN Ounjain_NP0 ,_PUN 1998_CRD ,_PUN Ritchie_NP0 and_CJC Funk_NP0 ,_PUN 1973_CRD ,_PUN Wagner_NP0 ,_PUN 1987_CRD )_PUR ._SENT Multiple_AJ0 experiments_NN2 have_VHB demonstrated_VVN that_CJT maize_NN1 kernels_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP temperatures_NN2 ≥_NN1 250_CRD –_PUN 260_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 extrude_VVB their_DPS endosperms_NN2 or_CJC become_VVB unrecognizable_AJ0 black_AJ0 masses_NN2 and_CJC would_VM0 be_VBI unlikely_AJ0 to_TO0 survive_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT At_PRP temperatures_NN2 ≤_NN1 200_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 maize_NN1 kernels_NN2 and_CJC bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 only_AV0 partially_AV0 char_NN1 and_CJC so_AV0 are_VBB unlikely_AJ0 to_TO0 survive_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS a_AT0 result_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ likely_AJ0 that_CJT common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seed_NN1 and_CJC maize_NN1 kernels_NN2 found_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 archaeological_AJ0 contexts_NN2 were_VBD heated_VVN in_PRP reducing_VVG environments_NN2 >_NN1 200_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 and_CJC <_NP0 250_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT In_PRP this_DT0 temperature_NN1 range_NN1 bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 do_VDB not_XX0 lose_VVI substantial_AJ0 compression_NN1 strength_NN1 ,_PUN do_VDB not_XX0 exhibit_VVI fissures_NN2 on_PRP their_DPS external_AJ0 surfaces_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC exhibit_VVB relatively_AV0 minor_AJ0 changes_NN2 in_PRP dimensions_NN2 ._SENT Mean_VVB change_NN1 in_PRP length_NN1 in_PRP this_DT0 range_NN1 is_VBZ −5.7_CRD %_NN0 for_PRP pinto_NN1 and_CJC −7.4_CRD %_NN0 for_PRP kidney_NN1 and_CJC mean_VVB change_NN1 in_PRP width_NN1 is_VBZ −9.4_CRD %_NN0 for_PRP pinto_NN1 and_CJC −7.8_AJ0 %_NN0 for_PRP kidney_NN1 ._SENT Most_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 embryo_NN1 ,_PUN absent_VVB the_AT0 radicle_NN1 ,_PUN preserves_VVZ in_PRP this_DT0 temperature_NN1 range_NN1 ,_PUN although_CJS this_DT0 is_VBZ true_AJ0 for_PRP cotyledons_NN2 of_PRF some_DT0 seeds_NN2 heated_VVN at_PRP temperatures_NN2 to_PRP 400_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 ._SENT Identification_NN1 of_PRF common_AJ0 bean_NN1 in_PRP macrobotanical_AJ0 assemblages_NN2 is_VBZ most_AV0 confident_AJ0 for_PRP whole_AJ0 or_CJC mostly_AV0 whole_AJ0 seeds_NN2 and_CJC complete_AJ0 or_CJC mostly_AV0 complete_AJ0 cotyledons_NN2 ._SENT It_PNP is_VBZ certainly_AV0 possible_AJ0 that_CJT fragments_NN2 of_PRF common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 charred_VVN at_PRP high_AJ0 temperatures_NN2 survive_VVB in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ,_PUN but_CJC identifying_VVG them_PNP as_CJS such_DT0 is_VBZ difficult_AJ0 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN VanDerwarker_NP0 and_CJC Wilson_NP0 ,_PUN 2016_CRD :_PUN 95_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
AMS_NP0 dates_VVZ on_PRP bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 indicate_VVB that_DT0 preservation_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Northeast_NN1 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 occurs_VVZ primarily_AV0 after_PRP ca._NN0 cal_NN0 ._SENT CE_NP0 1250._CRD By_PRP this_DT0 time_NN1 and_CJC somewhat_AV0 after_PRP depending_VVG on_PRP region_NN1 ,_PUN settlement_NN1 patterns_NN2 generally_AV0 include_VVB large_AJ0 ,_PUN nucleated_AJ0 villages_NN2 (_PUL Birch_NP0 ,_PUN 2015_CRD ,_PUN Hart_NP0 and_CJC Means_NN0 ,_PUN 2002_CRD )_PUR and_CJC subsistence_NN1 systems_NN2 generally_AV0 focus_VVB on_PRP agricultural_AJ0 production_NN1 (_PUL Smith_NP0 2006_CRD )_PUR ._SENT These_DT0 two_CRD factors_NN2 may_VM0 account_VVI for_PRP the_AT0 appearance_NN1 of_PRF bean_NN1 macrobotanical_AJ0 remains_NN2 —_PUN larger_AJC human_AJ0 populations_NN2 occupying_VVG specific_AJ0 locations_NN2 for_PRP extended_AJ0 periods_NN2 of_PRF time_NN1 resulted_VVN in_PRP more_DT0 opportunities_NN2 for_PRP crop_NN1 remains_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI lost_VVN ,_PUN charred_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC preserved_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 (_PUL Hart_NP0 ,_PUN 2008_CRD )_PUR ._SENT It_PNP is_VBZ perhaps_AV0 telling_VVG that_DT0 bean_NN1 macrobotanical_AJ0 remains_NN2 are_VBB not_XX0 found_VVN at_PRP earlier_AJC nucleated_AJ0 villages_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 central_AJ0 Mississippi_NP0 River_NP0 and_CJC Illinois_NP0 River_NP0 valleys_NN2 (_PUL e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Simon_NP0 and_CJC Parker_NP0 ,_PUN 2006_CRD ,_PUN VanDerwarker_NP0 and_CJC Wilson_NP0 ,_PUN 2016_CRD )_PUR ._SENT If_CJS common_AJ0 bean_NN1 was_VBD used_VVN in_PRP earlier_AJC contexts_NN2 it_PNP should_VM0 be_VBI archaeologically_AV0 visible_AJ0 if_CJS dried_AJ0 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 were_VBD charred_VVN in_PRP contexts_NN2 that_CJT resulted_VVD in_PRP the_AT0 preservation_NN1 of_PRF maize_NN1 kernels_NN2 ._SENT 
At_PRP temperatures_NN2 ≥_NN1 260_CRD °_NN0 C_ZZ0 dried_AJ0 beans_NN2 lose_VVB substantial_AJ0 mass_NN1 ,_PUN exhibit_VVB fissures_NN2 on_PRP external_AJ0 surfaces_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC burning_VVG in_PRP the_AT0 center_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 interior_AJ0 side_NN1 ._SENT These_DT0 features_VVZ result_NN1 in_PRP substantial_AJ0 loss_NN1 of_PRF cotyledon_NN1 compression_NN1 strength_NN1 ,_PUN suggesting_VVG that_CJT it_PNP is_VBZ unlikely_AJ0 the_AT0 cotyledons_NN2 would_VM0 survive_VVI intact_AJ0 in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT Similarly_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 rapid_AJ0 loss_NN1 of_PRF mass_NN1 in_PRP rehydrated_VVN beans_NN2 throughout_PRP the_AT0 tested_AJ0 temperature_NN1 range_NN1 resulting_VVG from_PRP consumption_NN1 of_PRF large_AJ0 portions_NN2 and_CJC large_AJ0 voids_NN2 within_PRP the_AT0 remaining_AJ0 cotyledon_NN1 ,_PUN make_VVB it_PNP unlikely_AJ0 that_CJT they_PNP would_VM0 survive_VVI complete_AJ0 the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 if_CJS at_PRP all_DT0 ._SENT These_DT0 results_NN2 substantiate_VVB claims_NN2 that_DT0 processing_NN1 of_PRF common_AJ0 beans_NN2 may_VM0 account_VVI for_PRP its_DPS relatively_AV0 scarcity_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT If_CJS lost_VVN and_CJC exposed_VVN to_PRP high_AJ0 temperatures_NN2 and_CJC charred_AJ0 in_PRP reducing_VVG environments_NN2 ,_PUN rehydrated_VVD common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 seem_VVB unlikely_AJ0 to_TO0 preserve_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT 
5._CRD Conclusions_NN2 
Common_AJ0 bean_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT0 last_ORD of_PRF the_AT0 three_CRD primary_AJ0 crops_NN2 of_PRF late_AJ0 prehistoric_AJ0 and_CJC historical_AJ0 Native_AJ0 American_AJ0 polycultural_AJ0 agricultural_AJ0 systems_NN2 to_TO0 be_VBI adopted_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 Northeast_NN1 ,_PUN many_DT0 centuries_NN2 after_PRP maize_NN1 and_CJC squash_NN1 ._SENT Archaeological_AJ0 visibility_NN1 of_PRF macrobotanical_AJ0 remains_NN2 in_PRP the_AT0 form_NN1 of_PRF charred_AJ0 seeds_NN2 and_CJC their_DPS cotyledons_NN2 occurs_VVZ around_PRP CE_NP0 1250._CRD While_CJS regionally_AV0 visible_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 occurrence_NN1 of_PRF bean_NN1 macrobotanical_AJ0 remains_NN2 on_PRP any_DT0 given_AJ0 site_NN1 is_VBZ generally_AV0 scarce_AJ0 ,_PUN especially_AV0 when_CJS compared_VVN to_PRP maize_NN1 ._SENT At_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 time_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 experimental_AJ0 results_NN2 related_VVN here_AV0 indicate_VVB that_CJT when_CJS charred_AJ0 at_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 temperatures_NN2 resulting_VVG in_PRP maize_NN1 kernel_NN1 preservation_NN1 ,_PUN common_AJ0 bean_NN1 cotyledons_NN2 are_VBB likely_AJ0 to_TO0 survive_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS a_AT0 result_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 hypothesis_NN1 that_CJT charring_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX0 preserve_VVI common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 well_AV0 can_VM0 be_VBI rejected_VVN ,_PUN at_PRP least_AV0 in_PRP the_AT0 lower_AJC temperature_NN1 range_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 hypothesis_NN1 that_CJT the_AT0 preparation_NN1 of_PRF common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 for_PRP consumption_NN1 is_VBZ detrimental_AJ0 to_PRP preservation_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 cannot_NN1 be_VBI rejected_VVN —_PUN high_AJ0 water_NN1 content_NN1 prior_AJ0 to_PRP charring_NN1 appears_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI detrimental_AJ0 to_PRP common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seed_NN1 preservation_NN1 ._SENT That_DT0 dried_AJ0 common_AJ0 beans_NN2 were_VBD often_AV0 pounded_VVN into_PRP pieces_NN2 before_PRP being_VBG added_VVN to_PRP food_NN1 preparations_NN2 (_PUL Parker_NP0 ,_PUN 1910_CRD ,_PUN Waugh_NP0 ,_PUN 1916_CRD )_PUR would_VM0 also_AV0 limit_VVI preservation_NN1 and_CJC identification_NN1 ._SENT 
The_AT0 experimental_AJ0 results_NN2 related_VVN here_AV0 provide_VVB an_AT0 initial_AJ0 attempt_NN1 to_TO0 understand_VVI the_AT0 changes_NN2 that_CJT occur_VVB to_PRP common_AJ0 bean_NN1 seeds_NN2 when_CJS heated_VVN at_PRP high_AJ0 temperatures_NN2 ._SENT Unanswered_AJ0 is_VBZ why_AVQ when_CJS recovered_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 archaeological_AJ0 record_NN1 do_VDB macrobotanical_AJ0 remains_NN2 of_PRF common_AJ0 bean_NN1 occur_VVB more_AV0 often_AV0 as_CJS individual_AJ0 cotyledons_NN2 rather_AV0 than_CJS whole_AJ0 seeds_NN2 ._SENT 
