3._CRD Moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 
The_AT0 value_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 as_CJS signals_NN2 should_VM0 be_VBI clear_AV0 given_VVN the_AT0 cooperative_AJ0 nature_NN1 of_PRF humans_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 value_NN1 of_PRF cooperation_NN1 helps_VVZ to_TO0 explain_VVI why_AVQ we_PNP care_VVB so_AV0 much_AV0 about_PRP the_AT0 moral_AJ0 reputations_NN2 of_PRF our_DPS cooperative_AJ0 partners_NN2 –_PUN especially_AV0 if_CJS cooperation_NN1 is_VBZ long-term_AJ0 like_PRP ,_PUN say_VVB ,_PUN choosing_VVG a_AT0 spouse_NN1 or_CJC business_NN1 partner_NN1 ._SENT Moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC criticism_NN1 are_VBB reputational_AJ0 inputs_NN2 ;_PUN and_CJC so_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 sincerity_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criti-_AJ0 cism_NN1 matters_NN2 ._SENT If_CJS moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 is_VBZ often_AV0 a_AT0 higher-fidelity_AJ0 signal_NN1 than_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP can_VM0 weigh_VVI those_DT0 moral_AJ0 signals_NN2 suitably_AV0 ._SENT Just_AV0 as_CJS the_AT0 peacock_NN1 ca_VM0 n't_XX0 signal_VVI fitness_NN1 with_PRP col-_AJ0 orful_AJ0 plumage_NN1 without_PRP risking_VVG predation_NN1 too_AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ hard_AJ0 to_TO0 morally_AV0 criticize_VVI someone_PNI without_PRP risking_VVG their_DPS wrath_NN1 ._SENT 
3.1_CRD ._SENT The_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF costliness_NN1 
If_CJS we_PNP frame_VVB moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 as_PRP cheap_AJ0 or_CJC costly_AJ0 signals_NN2 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 understand_VVI what_DTQ makes_VVZ them_PNP costly_AJ0 or_CJC cheap_AJ0 ._SENT We_PNP should_VM0 first_ORD appreciate_VVI why_AVQ moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI costly_AJ0 to_TO0 clarify_VVI why_AVQ moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 is_VBZ n't_XX0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 be_VBI as_AV0 costly_AJ0 as_CJS moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 ._SENT Here_AV0 are_VBB some_DT0 reasons_NN2 to_TO0 think_VVI it_PNP would_VM0 risk_VVI retaliation_NN1 from_PRP the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF that_DT0 criticism_NN1 :_PUN 
Self-conception_NN1 
People_NN0 tend_VVB to_PRP self-represent_NN1 as_CJS good_AJ0 ._SENT Moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 can_VM0 result_VVI in_PRP psychological_AJ0 discontent_NN1 by_PRP threatening_VVG to_TO0 undermine_VVI the_AT0 coherence_NN1 of_PRF that_DT0 self-conception_NN1 (_PUL Hardy_NP0 and_CJC Carlo_NP0 2011_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Sanction_NN1 and_CJC Punishment_NN1 
Moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 increases_VVZ the_AT0 odds_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF criticism_NN1 will_VM0 be_VBI punished_VVN by_PRP others_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC thus_AV0 motivates_VVZ retaliation_NN1 ;_PUN sanctions_NN2 and_CJC punishment_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC mechan-_AJ0 isms_NN2 like_PRP third-party_AJ0 punishment_NN1 ,_PUN meta-punishment_NN1 ,_PUN aid_NN1 in_PRP norm_NN1 enforcement_NN1 (_PUL Boyd_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 2003_CRD ;_PUN Jordan_NP0 et_NP0 al._NN1 2016_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
Lack_NN1 of_PRF cooperation_NN1 
Moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 can_VM0 indicate_VVI to_PRP third-parties_NN2 that_CJT the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 would_VM0 be_VBI a_AT0 poor_AJ0 cooperative_AJ0 partner_NN1 ;_PUN people_NN0 typically_AV0 prefer_VVB to_TO0 cooperate_VVI with_PRP individuals_NN2 who_PNQ are_VBB subject_AJ0 to_PRP less_DT0 moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 ,_PUN ceteris_NN1 paribus_NN1 (_PUL Miller_NP0 2007_CRD )_PUR ._SENT 
We_PNP are_VBB now_AV0 in_PRP a_AT0 position_NN1 to_TO0 make_VVI an_AT0 important_AJ0 distinction_NN1 between_PRP two_CRD different_AJ0 types_NN2 of_PRF moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 –_PUN following_VVG an_AT0 influential_AJ0 paper_NN1 by_PRP Watson_NP0 (_PUL 1996_CRD )_PUR :_PUN criticism_NN1 of_PRF actions_NN2 (_PUL accountability_NN1 criticism_NN1 )_PUR ,_PUN and_CJC criticism_NN1 of_PRF attitudes_NN2 and_CJC character_NN1 (_PUL attribut-_AJ0 ability_NN1 criticism_NN1 )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 former_DT0 kind_NN1 of_PRF criticism_NN1 has_VHZ to_TO0 do_VDI with_PRP the_AT0 actions_NN2 one_PNI performs_VVZ :_PUN we_PNP would_VM0 criticize_VVI Omar_NP0 ,_PUN say_VVB ,_PUN since_CJS he_PNP stole_VVD someone_PNI 's_POS wallet_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC perhaps_AV0 demand_VVB he_PNP be_VBI punished_VVN ;_PUN this_DT0 is_VBZ a_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF accountability_NN1 criticism_NN1 ._SENT Whereas_CJS ,_PUN the_AT0 latter_DT0 kind_NN1 of_PRF criti-_AJ0 cism_NN1 targets_NN2 the_AT0 attitudes_NN2 and_CJC character_NN1 of_PRF someone_PNI :_PUN we_PNP may_VM0 think_VVI Sam_NP0 deserves_VVZ criti-_AJ0 cism_NN1 for_PRP his_DPS reactionary_AJ0 political_AJ0 attitudes_NN2 ,_PUN even_AV0 if_CJS we_PNP do_VDB n't_XX0 think_VVI that_CJT he_PNP should_VM0 be_VBI punished_VVN for_PRP them_PNP –_PUN though_CJS perhaps_AV0 he_PNP should_VM0 be_VBI punished_VVN if_CJS he_PNP acted_VVD on_PRP them_PNP ._SENT This_DT0 would_VM0 be_VBI a_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF attributability_NN1 criticism_NN1 ._SENT 
With_PRP this_DT0 distinction_NN1 in_PRP hand_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP can_VM0 revisit_VVI the_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF costliness_NN1 question_NN1 with_PRP respect_NN1 to_PRP different_AJ0 kinds_NN2 of_PRF criticism_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 sources_NN2 of_PRF costliness_NN1 will_VM0 vary_VVI somewhat_AV0 depending_VVG on_AVP whether_CJS we_PNP are_VBB talking_VVG about_PRP criticism_NN1 of_PRF actions_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC criticism_NN1 of_PRF attitudes_NN2 and_CJC character_NN1 ._SENT Start_VVB with_PRP the_AT0 first_ORD source_NN1 of_PRF costliness_NN1 :_PUN the_AT0 target_NN1 of_PRF criticism_NN1 wanting_VVG to_TO0 preserve_VVI their_DPS self-conception_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ._SENT If_CJS someone_PNI criticized_VVD Bob_NP0 for_PRP acting_VVG badly_AV0 while_CJS in_PRP a_AT0 bad_AJ0 mood_NN1 –_PUN perhaps_AV0 he_PNP was_VBD rude_AJ0 to_PRP a_AT0 waiter_NN1 because_CJS of_PRF hunger_NN1 and_CJC exhaustion_NN1 –_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ n't_XX0 clear_AJ0 one_PNI would_VM0 risk_VVI retaliation_NN1 here_AV0 beyond_PRP a_AT0 nasty_AJ0 retort_NN1 by_PRP Bob_NP0 since_PRP one-off_AJ0 criticism_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 rude_AJ0 comment_NN1 may_VM0 not_XX0 threaten_VVI Bob_NP0 's_POS self-conception_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ._SENT Of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN if_CJS Bob_NP0 was_VBD routinely_AV0 rude_AJ0 to_PRP those_DT0 around_PRP him_PNP ,_PUN as_CJS a_AT0 regular_AJ0 feature_NN1 of_PRF his_DPS personality_NN1 ,_PUN than_CJS strangers_NN2 regularly_AV0 and_CJC independently_AV0 pointing_VVG this_DT0 out_AVP may_VM0 threaten_VVI his_DPS self-conception_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP contrast_NN1 ,_PUN suppose_VVB someone_PNI cri-_AJ0 ticized_VVD Bob_NP0 for_PRP his_DPS cruel_AJ0 political_AJ0 beliefs_NN2 or_CJC lack_NN1 of_PRF honesty_NN1 ;_PUN criticism_NN1 of_PRF this_DT0 sort_NN1 may_VM0 challenge_VVI Bob_NP0 's_POS self-conception_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ,_PUN risking_VVG retaliation_NN1 by_PRP Bob_NP0 ._SENT 
Now_AV0 consider_VVB that_CJT sanctions_NN2 and_CJC punishments_NN2 are_VBB often_AV0 (_PUL but_CJC not_XX0 always_AV0 )_PUR reserved_VVN for_PRP actions_NN2 ._SENT We_PNP should_VM0 expect_VVI that_CJT accountability_NN1 criticism_NN1 –_PUN where_CJS one_PNI is_VBZ criticized_VVN for_PRP their_DPS deeds_NN2 –_PUN would_VM0 be_VBI more_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 encourage_VVI punishment_NN1 from_PRP others_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC thus_AV0 risk_NN1 retaliation_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP should_VM0 thus_AV0 expect_VVI that_CJT the_AT0 possibility_NN1 would_VM0 be_VBI a_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF cost-_AJ0 liness_NN1 ,_PUN by_PRP encouraging_AJ0 retaliation_NN1 ,_PUN when_CJS the_AT0 criticism_NN1 is_VBZ directed_VVN at_PRP an_AT0 action_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC thus_AV0 may_VM0 encourage_VVI punishment_NN1 by_PRP others_NN2 ._SENT By_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP would_VM0 n't_XX0 expect_VVI Republicans_NN2 to_TO0 punish_VVI Bob_NP0 because_CJS he_PNP strongly_AV0 supports_VVZ a_AT0 woman_NN1 's_VBZ right_AJ0 to_TO0 choose_VVI ._SENT So_AV0 while_CJS there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 risk_NN1 the_AT0 target_NN1 of_PRF attributability_NN1 criticism_NN1 will_VM0 be_VBI sanctioned_VVN for_PRP their_DPS beliefs_NN2 and_CJC char-_AJ0 acter_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 primarily_AV0 expect_VVI that_CJT the_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF costliness_NN1 ,_PUN with_PRP respect_NN1 to_PRP punish-_AJ0 ment_NN1 ,_PUN lies_VVZ mostly_AV0 with_PRP accountability_NN1 criticism_NN1 (_PUL based_VVN on_PRP what_DTQ someone_PNI does_VDZ )_PUR ._SENT 
Finally_AV0 ,_PUN criticizing_VVG someone_PNI –_PUN either_AV0 for_PRP their_DPS actions_NN2 or_CJC beliefs_NN2 and_CJC character_NN1 –_PUN can_VM0 cripple_VVI their_DPS access_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 cooperation_NN1 market_NN1 ._SENT Of_PRF course_NN1 there_EX0 is_VBZ nuance_NN1 operating_VVG here_AV0 as_CJS there_EX0 often_AV0 is_VBZ with_PRP complex_AJ0 social_AJ0 rules_NN2 and_CJC interactions_NN2 ,_PUN but_CJC by_PRP and_CJC large_AJ0 ,_PUN we_PNP would_VM0 expect_VVI that_CJT when_CJS criticizing_VVG someone_PNI for_PRP their_DPS actions_NN2 ,_PUN or_CJC their_DPS beliefs_NN2 and_CJC character_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP thus_AV0 risk_VVB losing_VVG out_AVP on_PRP potential_AJ0 cooperators_NN2 ,_PUN sexual_AJ0 partners_NN2 ,_PUN friends_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC whatnot_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 will_VM0 ,_PUN of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN depend_VVB on_PRP the_AT0 details_NN2 :_PUN perhaps_AV0 Bob_NP0 is_VBZ n't_XX0 shut_VVN out_AVP of_PRF the_AT0 cooperation_NN1 market_NN1 because_CJS of_PRF a_AT0 rude_AJ0 comment_NN1 he_PNP made_VVD while_CJS hungry_AJ0 and_CJC tired_AJ0 ;_PUN but_CJC we_PNP can_VM0 see_VVI how_AVQ regularly_AV0 treating_VVG others_NN2 rudely_AV0 may_VM0 harm_VVI Bob_NP0 's_POS chances_NN2 of_PRF securing_VVG cooperation_NN1 part-_NN1 ners_NN2 ._SENT And_CJC the_AT0 same_DT0 holds_VVZ for_PRP beliefs_NN2 and_CJC character_NN1 :_PUN depending_VVG on_PRP the_AT0 details_NN2 ,_PUN folks_NN2 may_VM0 not_XX0 want_VVI to_TO0 cooperate_VVI with_PRP Bob_NP0 if_CJS he_PNP has_VHZ cruel_AJ0 political_AJ0 or_CJC moral_AJ0 beliefs_NN2 ,_PUN say_VVB ,_PUN because_CJS of_PRF how_AVQ others_NN2 may_VM0 view_VVI it_PNP ._SENT So_AV0 with_PRP respect_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 sources_NN2 of_PRF costliness_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 expect_VVI accountability-criticism_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI costlier_AJC than_CJS attributability-criticism_NN1 ,_PUN ceteris_NN1 paribus_NN1 ._SENT 
Additionally_AV0 ,_PUN we_PNP have_VHB indirect_AJ0 evidence_NN1 that_CJT supports_VVZ Costlier_AJC relating_VVG to_PRP the_AT0 convey-_AJ0 ing_NN1 of_PRF bad_AJ0 news_NN1 ._SENT There_EX0 is_VBZ good_AV0 empirical_AJ0 evidence_NN1 of_PRF what_DTQ psychologists_NN2 call_VVB the_AT0 '_PUQ MUM_NN1 effect_NN1 '_POS :_PUN people_NN0 are_VBB often_AV0 reluctant_AJ0 to_TO0 transmit_VVI bad_AJ0 news_NN1 –_PUN a_AT0 message_NN1 communicating_VVG information_NN1 anticipated_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 transmitter_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI negatively_AV0 valenced_AJ0 and_CJC unknown_AJ0 by_PRP the_AT0 recipient_NN1 –_PUN to_PRP others_NN2 for_PRP fear_NN1 that_CJT it_PNP will_VM0 have_VHI bad_AJ0 consequences_NN2 for_PRP them_PNP (_PUL Rosen_NP0 and_CJC Tesser_NP0 1970_CRD ;_PUN Dibble_NP0 and_CJC Levine_NP0 2013_CRD )_PUR ._SENT The_AT0 psychological_AJ0 factors_NN2 here_AV0 resemble_VVB those_DT0 of_PRF moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS researchers_NN2 who_PNQ investigated_VVD the_AT0 '_PUQ MUM_NN1 effect_NN1 '_POS and_CJC its_DPS relationship_NN1 to_PRP rumor_NN1 transmission_NN1 write_VVB :_PUN 
Overall_AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP can_VM0 be_VBI concluded_VVN that_CJT the_AT0 definitiveness_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 consequences_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 [_PUL bad_AJ0 ]_PUR news_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 relationship_NN1 between_PRP communicator_NN1 and_CJC recipient_NN1 increase_VVB the_AT0 likelihood_NN1 of_PRF bad_AJ0 news_NN1 transmission_NN1 ,_PUN possibly_AV0 because_CJS they_PNP increase_VVB the_AT0 perceived_AJ0 moral_AJ0 responsibility_NN1 to_TO0 transmit_VVI the_AT0 news_NN1 ._SENT Both_DT0 factors_NN2 do_VDB not_XX0 affect_VVI the_AT0 likelihood_NN1 of_PRF good_AJ0 news_NN1 transmission_NN1 ._SENT (_PUL Weenig_NP0 et_NP0 al._NP0 2001_CRD :_PUN 460_CRD ;_PUN my_DPS emphasis_NN1 )_PUR 
Although_CJS people_NN0 tend_VVB to_TO0 pass_VVI along_AVP rumors_NN2 ,_PUN which_DTQ are_VBB mostly_AV0 negative_AJ0 ,_PUN the_AT0 empirical_AJ0 evidence_NN1 shows_VVZ that_CJT this_DT0 is_VBZ because_CJS rumors_NN2 are_VBB often_AV0 transmitted_VVN amongst_PRP people_NN0 in_PRP a_AT0 social_AJ0 circle_NN1 ._SENT However_AV0 ,_PUN people_NN0 are_VBB increasingly_AV0 reluctant_AJ0 to_TO0 transmit_VVI bad_AJ0 news_NN1 as_PRP the_AT0 recipient_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 bad_AJ0 news_NN1 is_VBZ less_AV0 and_CJC less_AV0 known_VVN to_PRP them_PNP ;_PUN they_PNP would_VM0 thus_AV0 be_VBI the_AT0 least_AV0 likely_AJ0 to_TO0 transmit_VVI bad_AJ0 news_NN1 to_PRP strangers_NN2 ,_PUN ceteris_NN1 paribus_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 dynamics_NN0 are_VBB similar_AJ0 to_PRP moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 :_PUN especially_AV0 when_CJS one_PNI is_VBZ sincere_AJ0 ,_PUN moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 can_VM0 function_VVI as_PRP bad_AJ0 news_NN1 –_PUN it_PNP can_VM0 reveal_VVI one_PNI sincerely_AV0 thinks_VVZ that_CJT you_PNP 've_VHB done_VDN something_PNI bad_AJ0 or_CJC have_VHB bad_AJ0 moral_AJ0 character_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC damage_VVB your_DPS moral_AJ0 reputation_NN1 ._SENT Of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP should_VM0 need_VM0 not_XX0 be_VBI said_VVN that_CJT bad_AJ0 news_NN1 does_VDZ n't_XX0 have_VHI an_AT0 evaluative_AJ0 character_NN1 to_PRP it_PNP like_PRP moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 does_VDZ ,_PUN but_CJC it_PNP still_AV0 illustrates_VVZ something_PNI important_AJ0 on_PRP the_AT0 sender_NN1 side_NN1 of_PRF bad_AJ0 news_NN1 ,_PUN whether_CJS con-_AJ0 veying_AJ0 generic_AJ0 bad_AJ0 news_NN1 or_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 :_PUN if_CJS people_NN0 do_VDB n't_XX0 like_VVI the_AT0 message_NN1 you_PNP 're_VBB send-_AJ0 ing_VVG ,_PUN they_PNP may_VM0 have_VHI incentive_NN1 to_TO0 retaliate_VVI ._SENT 
Further_AV0 ,_PUN moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 ,_PUN to_PRP a_AT0 larger_AJC degree_NN1 than_CJS praise_NN1 ,_PUN makes_VVZ the_AT0 subject_AJ0 account-_NN1 able_AJ0 to_PRP others_NN2 ._SENT Thus_AV0 it_PNP seems_VVZ moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI costly_AJ0 ,_PUN by_PRP inviting_VVG retaliation_NN1 against_PRP the_AT0 target_NN1 of_PRF that_DT0 criticism_NN1 –_PUN whereas_CJS ,_PUN the_AT0 reasons_NN2 above_AV0 do_VDB n't_XX0 apply_VVI to_PRP the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 to_TO0 retaliate_VVI against_PRP the_AT0 source_NN1 of_PRF that_DT0 praise_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP would_VM0 often_AV0 like_VVI to_TO0 be_VBI mor-_AJ0 ally_NN1 praised_VVD ;_PUN it_PNP may_VM0 improve_VVI our_DPS moral_AJ0 reputations_NN2 ._SENT Even_AV0 if_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 fails_VVZ to_TO0 improve_VVI one_PNI 's_POS moral_AJ0 reputation_NN1 –_PUN e.g._AV0 ,_PUN everyone_PNI else_AV0 knows_VVZ Molly_NP0 is_VBZ a_AT0 terrible_AJ0 person_NN1 ,_PUN moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 from_PRP a_AT0 passer-by_NN1 aside_AV0 –_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ unclear_AJ0 how_AVQ moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 could_VM0 harm_VVI one_PNI 's_POS moral_AJ0 reputation_NN1 ;_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ either_AV0 positive_AJ0 or_CJC neutral_AJ0 for_PRP the_AT0 subject_NN1 ._SENT 
Moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI costly_AJ0 sometimes_AV0 too_AV0 ._SENT Just_AV0 by_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN Nelly_NP0 lost_VVD her_DPS job_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 New_AJ0 York_NP0 Times_NN2 by_PRP praising_VVG the_AT0 Armenian_AJ0 genocide_NN1 in_PRP her_DPS editorial_NN1 ._SENT There_EX0 are_VBB cases_NN2 where_AVQ moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI costly_AJ0 ,_PUN but_CJC that_DT0 costliness_NN1 is_VBZ often_AV0 (_PUL but_CJC not_XX0 always_AV0 )_PUR from_PRP third-_AJ0 parties_NN2 :_PUN moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 can_VM0 be_VBI interpersonally_AV0 costly_AJ0 ,_PUN while_CJS moral_AJ0 criti-_AJ0 cism_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI personally_AV0 costlier_AJC than_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 ._SENT We_PNP turn_VVB to_PRP that_DT0 issue_NN1 next_ORD ._SENT 
3.2_CRD ._SENT Varieties_NN2 of_PRF costliness_NN1 
We_PNP should_VM0 distinguish_VVI different_AJ0 sources_NN2 of_PRF costliness_NN1 ._SENT When_CJS Sally_NP0 morally_AV0 criticizes_VVZ Bob_NP0 's_POS meat_NN1 eating_NN1 ,_PUN for_PRP instance_NN1 ,_PUN she_PNP faces_VVZ potential_AJ0 backlash_NN1 from_PRP a_AT0 couple_NN1 of_PRF sources_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 first_ORD is_VBZ from_PRP Bob_NP0 :_PUN he_PNP may_VM0 have_VHI reason_NN1 to_TO0 retaliate_VVI against_PRP Sally_NP0 –_PUN e.g._AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP threatens_VVZ Bob_NP0 's_POS self-conception_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ._SENT Second_ORD ,_PUN there_EX0 is_VBZ potential_AJ0 third-party_AJ0 retali-_NN1 ation_NN1 :_PUN friends_NN2 ,_PUN peers_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC others_NN2 friendly_AJ0 to_PRP Bob_NP0 (_PUL or_CJC meat_NN1 eating_NN1 )_PUR may_VM0 retaliate_VVI against_PRP Sally_NP0 ;_PUN her_DPS criticism_NN1 of_PRF meat_NN1 eating_NN1 may_VM0 threaten_VVI the_AT0 livelihood_NN1 of_PRF Bob_NP0 and_CJC his_DPS coworkers_NN2 ._SENT We_PNP should_VM0 ,_PUN when_CJS assessing_VVG Costlier_AJC ,_PUN distinguish_VVB between_PRP the_AT0 personal_AJ0 and_CJC interpersonal_AJ0 costliness_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 :_PUN 
Personal_AJ0 Costliness_NN1 :_PUN The_AT0 risk_NN1 the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC criticism_NN1 will_NN1 retali-_NN1 ate_VVD against_PRP the_AT0 person_NN1 who_PNQ praises_VVZ and_CJC criticizes_VVZ them_PNP ._SENT 
Interpersonal_AJ0 Costliness_NN1 :_PUN The_AT0 risk_NN1 that_CJT third-parties_NN2 ,_PUN distinct_AJ0 from_PRP the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC criticism_NN1 ,_PUN will_VM0 retaliate_VVI against_PRP the_AT0 person_NN1 who_PNQ praises_VVZ and_CJC criticizes_VVZ ._SENT 
Begin_VVB with_PRP interpersonal_AJ0 costliness_NN1 :_PUN arguably_AV0 ,_PUN Costlier_AJC does_VDZ n't_XX0 originate_VVI from_PRP interper-_AJ0 sonal_AJ0 costs_NN2 –_PUN under_PRP the_AT0 right_AJ0 conditions_NN2 ,_PUN third-parties_NN2 may_VM0 retaliate_VVI in_PRP response_NN1 to_PRP either_DT0 moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 or_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 ._SENT Consider_VVB examples_NN2 of_PRF third-party_AJ0 retaliation_NN1 against_PRP moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 :_PUN 
Trump_NN1 voter_NN1 
Jerry_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ lives_VVZ in_PRP a_AT0 heavily_AV0 blue_AJ0 district_NN1 ,_PUN thinks_VVZ Trump_NN1 supporters_NN2 are_VBB brave_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC says_VVZ so_AV0 in_PRP front_NN1 of_PRF friends_NN2 and_CJC neighbors_NN2 ._SENT Within_PRP a_AT0 few_DT0 weeks_NN2 ,_PUN word_NN1 spreads_VVZ and_CJC Jerry_NP0 loses_VVZ most_DT0 of_PRF his_DPS customers_NN2 ._SENT 
Pro-choice_AJ0 
Bertha_NP0 praises_VVZ Sally_NP0 's_POS pro-choice_AJ0 views_NN2 in_PRP a_AT0 heavily_AV0 pro-life_AJ0 area_NN1 ._SENT As_CJS a_AT0 result_NN1 ,_PUN Bertha_NP0 's_POS neighbors_NN2 shun_VVB her_PNP for_PRP praising_VVG a_AT0 practice_NN1 they_PNP consider_VVB morally_AV0 abhorrent_AJ0 ._SENT 
We_PNP can_VM0 easily_AV0 generate_VVI further_AJC examples_NN2 like_PRP Trump_NN1 voter_NN1 and_CJC Pro-choice_AJ0 where_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 is_VBZ interpersonally_AV0 costly_AJ0 ._SENT So_AV0 ,_PUN it_PNP can_VM0 be_VBI hard_AJ0 to_TO0 tell_VVI whether_CJS moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 would_VM0 be_VBI interpersonally_AV0 costlier_AJC than_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 –_PUN the_AT0 interpersonal_AJ0 costliness_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 varies_VVZ too_AV0 much_AV0 here_AV0 ._SENT For_PRP this_DT0 reason_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 treat_VVI the_AT0 interpersonal_AJ0 costliness_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 as_CJS on_PRP par_NN1 ;_PUN this_DT0 source_NN1 of_PRF costliness_NN1 does_VDZ n't_XX0 add_VVI anything_PNI ,_PUN one_CRD way_NN1 or_CJC the_AT0 other_AJ0 ,_PUN to_PRP evaluating_VVG Costlier_AJC ._SENT The_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 has_VHZ better_AJC reason_NN1 to_TO0 retaliate_VVI than_CJS the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 ,_PUN ceteris_NN1 paribus_NN1 ._SENT And_CJC if_CJS interpersonal_AJ0 costliness_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 and_CJC moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 is_VBZ roughly_AV0 on_PRP par_NN1 ,_PUN combined_VVN with_PRP the_AT0 asymmetric_AJ0 personal_AJ0 costliness_NN1 ,_PUN moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI a_AT0 costlier_AJC signal_NN1 than_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 ._SENT 
In_PRP contrast_NN1 ,_PUN it_PNP is_VBZ easy_AJ0 to_TO0 see_VVI why_AVQ moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 would_VM0 often_AV0 be_VBI personally_AV0 costlier_AJC than_CJS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 :_PUN the_AT0 subject_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 lacks_VVZ reason_NN1 to_TO0 retaliate_VVI for_PRP being_VBG morally_AV0 praised_VVN –_PUN it_PNP 's_VBZ nice_AJ0 to_TO0 be_VBI told_VVN you_PNP 're_VBB a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP example_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 n't_XX0 expect_VVI Bob_NP0 to_TO0 retaliate_VVI against_PRP Mary_NP0 for_PRP praising_VVG his_DPS integrity_NN1 ,_PUN even_AV0 if_CJS Bob_NP0 knows_VVZ Mary_NP0 is_VBZ merely_AV0 paying_VVG him_PNP lip_NN1 service_NN1 –_PUN there_EX0 is_VBZ a_AT0 good_AJ0 chance_NN1 Mary_NP0 's_POS moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 for_PRP Bob_NP0 ,_PUN even_AV0 if_CJS insincere_AJ0 ,_PUN may_VM0 improve_VVI his_DPS moral_AJ0 reputation_NN1 ._SENT Even_AV0 if_CJS third-parties_NN2 see_VVB such_DT0 praise_NN1 as_CJS insincere_AJ0 ,_PUN they_PNP will_VM0 likely_AV0 disregard_VVI it_PNP at_PRP worst_AJS (_PUL unless_CJS it_PNP says_VVZ something_PNI about_PRP Bob_NP0 worthy_NN1 of_PRF moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 :_PUN e.g._AV0 ,_PUN Mary_NP0 praising_VVG Bob_NP0 for_PRP mistreating_VVG his_DPS pets_NN2 –_PUN moral_AJ0 praise_NN1 is_VBZ n't_XX0 the_AT0 problem_NN1 here_AV0 ,_PUN but_CJC rather_AV0 what_DTQ it_PNP says_VVZ about_PRP Bob_NP0 's_POS bad_AJ0 behavior_NN1 )_PUR ._SENT For_PRP this_DT0 reason_NN1 ,_PUN moral_AJ0 criticism_NN1 tends_VVZ to_TO0 be_VBI a_AT0 higher-fidelity_AJ0 signal_NN1 than_CJS praise_NN1 ._SENT 
Of_PRF course_NN1 ,_PUN we_PNP should_VM0 recall_VVI the_AT0 distinction_NN1 between_PRP accountability-criticism_NN1 and_CJC attributability-criticism_NN1 when_CJS thinking_VVG about_PRP criticism_NN1 costliness_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 case_NN1 of_PRF Trump_NN1 voter_NN1 ,_PUN one_PNI criticizing_VVG Jerry_NP0 for_PRP his_DPS Trump_NN1 support_NN1 may_VM0 not_XX0 encourage_VVI others_NN2 to_TO0 punish_VVI him_PNP ,_PUN but_CJC it_PNP may_VM0 cause_VVI Jerry_NP0 to_TO0 want_VVI to_TO0 retaliate_VVI for_PRP damaging_VVG his_DPS self-_AJ0 conception_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 good_AJ0 person_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC may_VM0 dampen_VVI his_DPS access_NN1 to_PRP the_AT0 cooperation_NN1 market_NN1 ._SENT 
