Gretchen_NP0 Townsend_NP0 's_POS research_NN1 on_PRP the_AT0 centripetal_AJ0 armchair_NN1 produced_VVN between_PRP 1850_CRD and_CJC 1858_CRD by_PRP the_AT0 American_AJ0 Chair_NN1 Co._NN1 of_PRF Troy_NP0 ,_PUN New_NP0 York_NP0 demonstrates_VVZ how_AVQ ,_PUN beneath_PRP the_AT0 chair_NN1 's_POS upholstered_AJ0 cushion_NN1 ,_PUN its_DPS springs_NN2 and_CJC cast-iron_AJ0 base_NN1 enabled_VVD it_PNP to_TO0 swivel_VVI ,_PUN flex_VVB ,_PUN and_CJC recline_VVB in_PRP any_DT0 direction_NN1 ,_PUN innovations_NN2 inspired_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 manufacturer_NN1 's_POS signature_NN1 production_NN1 of_PRF reclining_AJ0 railway_NN1 seats_NN2 ._SENT Such_DT0 developments_NN2 were_VBD made_VVN with_PRP an_AT0 interest_NN1 in_PRP a_AT0 more_AV0 comfortable_AJ0 design_NN1 ._SENT Townsend_NP0 argues_VVZ that_CJT while_CJS these_DT0 features_NN2 failed_VVD to_TO0 endure_VVI in_PRP the_AT0 parlour_NN1 setting_NN1 ,_PUN they_PNP were_VBD embraced_VVN by_PRP manufacturers_NN2 of_PRF ergonomic_AJ0 office_NN1 furniture_NN1 who_PNQ captured_VVD the_AT0 market_NN1 for_PRP chairs_NN2 that_CJT facilitated_VVD movement_NN1 and_CJC support_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 dental_AJ0 patient_NN1 shared_VVD office_NN1 workers_NN2 '_POS demands_NN2 for_PRP simultaneous_AJ0 ergonomics_NN1 and_CJC comfort_NN1 ._SENT Furthermore_AV0 ,_PUN Jennifer_NP0 Pynt_NP0 and_CJC Joy_NP0 Higgs_NP0 also_AV0 describe_VVB a_AT0 divide_NN1 between_PRP parlour_NN1 seating_NN1 and_CJC patent_NN1 seating_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 Victorian_AJ0 period_NN1 ,_PUN attributing_VVG it_PNP to_PRP a_AT0 difference_NN1 between_PRP chairs_NN2 intended_VVN to_PRP better_AV0 a_AT0 sitter_NN1 's_POS health_NN1 ._SENT According_VVG to_PRP Pynt_NP0 and_CJC Higgs_NP0 ,_PUN such_DT0 patent_NN1 chairs_NN2 were_VBD frequently_AV0 designed_VVN by_PRP medical_AJ0 practitioners_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC Salmon_NP0 might_VM0 have_VHI been_VBN taking_VVG a_AT0 cue_NN1 from_PRP his_DPS colleagues_NN2 —_PUN doctors_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP chiropractors_NN2 —_PUN in_PRP his_DPS decision_NN1 to_TO0 enter_VVI the_AT0 field_NN1 ._SENT 
Following_AJ0 dentist_NN1 William_NP0 Morton_NP0 's_POS successful_AJ0 use_NN1 of_PRF anaesthesia_NN1 in_PRP 1846_CRD ,_PUN there_EX0 was_VBD an_AT0 increasing_AJ0 need_NN1 for_PRP chairs_NN2 with_PRP reclining_AJ0 backs_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP his_DPS 1866_CRD publication_NN1 ,_PUN The_AT0 Principles_NN2 and_CJC Practice_NN1 of_PRF Dental_AJ0 Surgery_NN1 ,_PUN Chapin_NP0 Aaron_NP0 Harris_NP0 recommends_VVZ lowering_VVG a_AT0 patient_NN1 in_PRP preparation_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 administration_NN1 of_PRF anaesthetic_NN1 agents_NN2 ,_PUN something_PNI he_PNP notes_VVZ requires_VVZ a_AT0 dentist_NN1 to_TO0 own_VVI an_AT0 operating_NN1 chair_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 moveable_AJ0 back_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 reclining_AJ0 feature_NN1 was_VBD essential_AJ0 in_PRP supporting_VVG the_AT0 patient_NN1 's_POS body_NN1 when_CJS he_PNP or_CJC she_PNP lost_VVD consciousness_NN1 ._SENT Salmon_NP0 's_POS chair_NN1 boasted_VVD a_AT0 reclining_AJ0 back_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP 1867_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 year_NN1 after_PRP Salmon_NN0 applied_VVN for_PRP a_AT0 patent_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 reclining_AJ0 back_NN1 would_VM0 have_VHI been_VBN a_AT0 supplemental_AJ0 feature_NN1 ,_PUN given_VVN that_CJT a_AT0 dental_AJ0 trade_NN1 catalogue_NN1 's_POS standard_AJ0 operating_NN1 chair_NN1 did_VDD not_XX0 have_VHI such_DT0 a_AT0 capacity_NN1 ._SENT But_CJC by_PRP 1876_CRD ,_PUN such_DT0 a_AT0 feature_NN1 was_VBD considered_VVN essential_AJ0 and_CJC the_AT0 same_DT0 company_NN1 's_POS catalogue_NN1 from_PRP that_DT0 year_NN1 exclusively_AV0 offered_VVD reclining_AJ0 designs_NN2 ._SENT 
Because_CJS patents_NN2 targeted_VVD mechanical_AJ0 improvements_NN2 in_PRP different_AJ0 parts_NN2 of_PRF a_AT0 chair_NN1 ,_PUN sometimes_AV0 the_AT0 most_AV0 advanced_AJ0 and_CJC thus_AV0 desirable_AJ0 chair_NN1 was_VBD not_XX0 always_AV0 distinguishable_AJ0 from_PRP the_AT0 rest_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 chair_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 most_AV0 innovative_AJ0 headrest_AJS may_VM0 not_XX0 have_VHI had_VHN an_AT0 equally_AV0 well-designed_AJ0 underbody_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ._SENT Distributors_NN2 compensated_VVN for_PRP this_DT0 unevenness_NN1 by_PRP selling_VVG chairs_NN2 in_PRP an_AT0 almost_AV0 piecemeal_AJ0 fashion_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS when_CJS the_AT0 S.S._NP0 White_NP0 Dental_AJ0 Manufacturing_NN1 Company_NN1 offered_VVN Perkins_NP0 '_POS Dental_AJ0 Chair_NN1 with_PRP '_PUQ Whitcomb_NP0 's_POS Head-rest_NN1 substituted_VVN '_PUQ for_PRP thirty_CRD extra_AJ0 dollars_NN2 in_PRP 1867._CRD For_PRP this_DT0 reason_NN1 ,_PUN while_CJS Salmon_NP0 announced_VVD his_DPS central_AJ0 innovation_NN1 was_VBD in_PRP his_DPS chair_NN1 's_POS underbody_NN1 ,_PUN his_DPS patent_NN1 text_NN1 claims_VVZ its_DPS other_AJ0 improvements_NN2 as_CJS well_AV0 ._SENT In_PRP this_DT0 description_NN1 ,_PUN Salmon_NP0 differentiates_VVZ his_DPS headrest_AJS from_PRP a_AT0 previously_AV0 patented_AJ0 one_PNI that_CJT permitted_VVD only_AV0 a_AT0 few_DT0 positions_NN2 ._SENT Instead_AV0 ,_PUN his_DPS chair_NN1 used_VVD a_AT0 perfected_AJ0 joint_NN1 that_CJT allowed_VVD the_AT0 headrest_AJS to_TO0 be_VBI positioned_VVN at_PRP any_DT0 angle_NN1 within_PRP its_DPS range_NN1 of_PRF movement_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP Salmon_NP0 's_POS era_NN1 ,_PUN advances_NN2 in_PRP dental_AJ0 surgery_NN1 made_VVN patent_NN1 designs_NN2 for_PRP headrests_NN2 on_PRP dentists_NN2 '_POS chairs_NN2 increasingly_AV0 important_AJ0 ._SENT An_AT0 1859_CRD treatise_NN1 by_PRP Sir_NP0 John_NP0 Tornes_NP0 on_PRP dental_AJ0 surgery_NN1 notes_VVZ that_CJT while_CJS easy_AJ0 chairs_NN2 had_VHD previously_AV0 been_VBN tolerated_VVN ,_PUN improvements_NN2 to_PRP professional_AJ0 chairs_NN2 permitted_VVD operative_AJ0 dentists_NN2 to_TO0 position_VVI their_DPS patients_NN2 '_POS heads_NN2 in_PRP lines_NN2 both_AV0 conducive_AJ0 to_PRP the_AT0 operation_NN1 and_CJC that_DT0 offered_VVD better_AJC support_NN1 ._SENT 
While_CJS Salmon_NP0 perfected_VVD D_NP0 ._SENT W_NP0 ._SENT Perkins_NP0 's_POS chair_NN1 's_POS underbody_NN1 mechanism_NN1 ,_PUN he_PNP preserved_VVD its_DPS other_AJ0 features_NN2 including_PRP its_DPS plush_AJ0 seat_NN1 and_CJC mahogany_NN1 wooden_AJ0 armrests_NN2 ,_PUN carved_VVN with_PRP swan-head_AJ0 terminals_NN2 ._SENT These_DT0 design_NN1 features_NN2 recall_VVB late_AJ0 Neo-Classical_AJ0 sitting_NN1 room_NN1 furniture_NN1 such_DT0 as_PRP John_NP0 Finlay_NP0 's_POS 1832_CRD sofa_NN1 for_PRP Hampton_NP0 's_POS Drawing_NN1 Room_NN1 ._SENT This_DT0 degree_NN1 of_PRF grandeur_NN1 might_VM0 have_VHI represented_VVN Salmon_NP0 's_POS attempt_NN1 to_TO0 cater_VVI to_PRP a_AT0 more_DT0 elite_NN1 clientele_NN1 ._SENT But_CJC most_AV0 importantly_AV0 ,_PUN in_PRP keeping_VVG with_PRP Salmon_NP0 's_POS interest_NN1 in_PRP establishing_VVG a_AT0 patient_NN1 's_POS comfort_NN1 with_PRP the_AT0 underbody_NN1 ,_PUN the_AT0 upper_AJ0 part_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 chair_NN1 also_AV0 would_VM0 have_VHI guaranteed_VVN a_AT0 patient_NN1 's_POS ease_NN1 ._SENT Here_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 chair_NN1 's_POS aesthetic_AJ0 design_NN1 retained_VVD associations_NN2 with_PRP the_AT0 domestic_AJ0 sphere_NN1 and_CJC would_VM0 have_VHI made_VVN the_AT0 dental_AJ0 office_NN1 a_AT0 less_AV0 intimidating_AJ0 ,_PUN and_CJC even_AV0 familiar_AJ0 environment_NN1 ._SENT Trade_NN1 manuals_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP The_AT0 Dental_AJ0 Office_NN1 and_CJC Laboratory_NN1 encouraged_VVN dentists_NN2 to_TO0 take_VVI their_DPS patients_NN2 '_POS comfort_NN1 into_PRP account_NN1 ,_PUN advising_VVG on_PRP the_AT0 duration_NN1 for_PRP which_DTQ patients_NN2 could_VM0 easily_AV0 be_VBI kept_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 chair_NN1 and_CJC even_AV0 suggesting_VVG remedies_NN2 to_TO0 mask_VVI procedural_AJ0 smells_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP placing_VVG pastilles_NN2 with_PRP the_AT0 pleasant_AJ0 odors_NN2 of_PRF myrrh_NN1 and_CJC nutmeg_NN1 at_PRP the_AT0 base_NN1 of_PRF operating_NN1 chairs_NN2 ._SENT While_CJS the_AT0 chair_NN1 's_POS metal_NN1 base_NN1 incorporated_VVN modern_AJ0 engineering_NN1 ,_PUN its_DPS upper_AJ0 section_NN1 was_VBD likely_AJ0 intentionally_AV0 anachronistic_AJ0 and_CJC traditional_AJ0 ._SENT And_CJC because_CJS patent_NN1 designers_NN2 were_VBD focusing_VVG their_DPS exacting_AJ0 modifications_NN2 on_PRP the_AT0 underbody_NN1 mechanisms_NN2 and_CJC preserving_VVG the_AT0 style_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 top_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 chair_NN1 ,_PUN swan-carved_AJ0 armrests_NN2 continued_VVD to_TO0 appear_VVI in_PRP patented_AJ0 dentists_NN2 '_POS chairs_NN2 through_PRP 1874_CRD ,_PUN as_CJS in_PRP a_AT0 design_NN1 by_PRP George_NP0 W_NP0 ._SENT Archer_NP0 ,_PUN intended_VVN for_PRP both_DT0 dentists_NN2 '_POS and_CJC barbers_NN2 '_POS shops_NN2 ._SENT Like_PRP dentists_NN2 ,_PUN barbers_NN2 in_PRP 1874_CRD were_VBD using_VVG sharp_AJ0 devices_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP razors_NN2 and_CJC scissors_NN2 ,_PUN making_VVG the_AT0 comfort_NN1 of_PRF their_DPS clients_NN2 as_CJS important_AJ0 as_CJS that_DT0 of_PRF the_AT0 dentist_NN1 's_POS patients_NN2 ._SENT 
While_CJS such_DT0 Neo-Classical_AJ0 furniture_NN1 features_NN2 were_VBD emblematic_AJ0 of_PRF tradition_NN1 ,_PUN their_DPS materials_NN2 also_AV0 meant_VVD they_PNP were_VBD associated_VVN with_PRP luxury_NN1 ._SENT Throughout_PRP the_AT0 nineteenth_ORD century_NN1 ,_PUN advertisements_NN2 emphasized_VVD chairs_NN2 '_POS costly_AJ0 materials_NN2 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP the_AT0 turn-of-the-century_AJ0 Harvard_NP0 Chair_NN1 ,_PUN upholstered_VVN in_PRP seal_NN1 skin_NN1 ,_PUN which_DTQ was_VBD marketed_VVN as_CJS '_PUQ one_CRD of_PRF the_AT0 most_DT0 ..._PUN beautiful_AJ0 ..._PUN dental_AJ0 chairs_NN2 made_VVD ._SENT '_PUQ Likewise_AV0 ,_PUN other_AJ0 dental_AJ0 objects_NN2 were_VBD designed_VVN to_TO0 express_VVI extravagance_NN1 and_CJC status_NN1 ._SENT Utilitarian_AJ0 objects_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP gasometers_NN1 ,_PUN used_VVN to_TO0 store_VVI and_CJC administer_VVI the_AT0 sedative_AJ0 agent_NN1 nitrous_AJ0 oxide_NN1 during_PRP dental_AJ0 procedures_NN2 ,_PUN were_VBD sold_VVN with_PRP either_AV0 nickeled_AJ0 or_CJC japanned_AJ0 ornamental_AJ0 bases_NN2 [_PUL 4_CRD ]_PUR ._SENT In_PRP their_DPS design_NN1 ,_PUN stands_VVZ for_PRP the_AT0 engine_NN1 bits_NN2 of_PRF dentists_NN2 '_POS drills_NN2 recalled_VVD cake_NN1 dishes_NN2 and_CJC jelly_NN1 moulds_NN2 with_PRP a_AT0 series_NN0 of_PRF concentrically_AV0 layered_AJ0 trays_NN2 ,_PUN all_DT0 capped_VVN by_PRP a_AT0 round_AJ0 finial_NN1 ._SENT Surviving_AJ0 photographs_NN2 from_PRP the_AT0 late_AJ0 nineteenth_ORD century_NN1 ,_PUN such_DT0 as_PRP one_PNI showing_VVG the_AT0 Boise_NP0 City_NN1 office_NN1 of_PRF Dr._NP0 Pyle_NP0 ,_PUN capture_VVB how_AVQ the_AT0 decorative_AJ0 impulse_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 Victorian_AJ0 era_NN1 influenced_VVN dentist_NN1 office_NN1 design_NN1 ,_PUN resulting_VVG in_PRP draped_AJ0 ,_PUN fringed_AJ0 curtains_NN2 ,_PUN flowers_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC a_AT0 fanciful_AJ0 elephant_NN1 statue_NN1 ._SENT 
These_DT0 nineteenth-century_AJ0 dentists_NN2 '_POS investments_NN2 in_PRP ornament_NN1 conformed_VVN with_PRP a_AT0 long_AJ0 tradition_NN1 of_PRF lavish_AJ0 dental_AJ0 devices_NN2 :_PUN itinerant_AJ0 dentists_NN2 kept_VVD ivory-handled_AJ0 tools_NN2 in_PRP shagreen_NN1 cases_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 first_ORD practical_AJ0 dental_AJ0 instrument_NN1 case_NN1 ,_PUN manufactured_VVN in_PRP New_NP0 York_NP0 City_NN1 in_PRP 1840_CRD by_PRP John_NP0 D_NP0 ._SENT Chevalier_NP0 ,_PUN was_VBD made_VVN in_PRP the_AT0 buyer_NN1 's_POS choice_NN1 of_PRF rosewood_NN1 ,_PUN walnut_NN1 ,_PUN mahogany_NN1 ,_PUN or_CJC leather_NN1 ,_PUN embellished_VVN with_PRP heavy_AJ0 brass_NN1 or_CJC German_AJ0 silver_NN1 mountings_NN2 and_CJC silk_NN1 velvet_NN1 lining_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC held_VVD mother-of-pearl-handled_AJ0 ,_PUN bejewelled_AJ0 instruments_NN2 ._SENT The_AT0 valuable_AJ0 materials_NN2 used_VVN in_PRP dentists_NN2 '_POS instruments_NN2 would_VM0 have_VHI been_VBN especially_AV0 meaningful_AJ0 to_PRP patients_NN2 at_PRP a_AT0 time_NN1 when_CJS commissions_NN2 for_PRP gold_NN1 fillings_NN2 and_CJC ivory_NN1 and_CJC porcelain_NN1 teeth_NN2 demanded_VVD that_CJT dentists_NN2 have_VHB access_NN1 to_PRP quality_NN1 suppliers_NN2 ._SENT An_AT0 1867_CRD dental_AJ0 trade_NN1 catalogue_NN1 demonstrates_VVZ the_AT0 significant_AJ0 price_NN1 differential_NN1 between_PRP the_AT0 cheapest_AJS standard_AJ0 model_NN1 of_PRF dentists_NN2 '_POS chairs_NN2 ,_PUN unadorned_AJ0 beyond_PRP a_AT0 stain_NN1 used_VVN to_TO0 imitate_VVI elegant_AJ0 woods_NN2 ,_PUN for_PRP $_NN0 85_CRD ,_PUN and_CJC the_AT0 most_AV0 costly_AJ0 design_NN1 by_PRP J_NP0 ._SENT O_ITJ ._SENT Whicomb_NP0 which_DTQ featured_VVD an_AT0 upholstered_AJ0 tilt_NN1 seat_NN1 and_CJC footrest_NN1 and_CJC carved_AJ0 rosewood_NN1 feet_NN2 and_CJC arms_NN2 ._SENT Likewise_AV0 ,_PUN the_AT0 velvet_NN1 and_CJC carved_AJ0 walnut_NN1 in_PRP Salmon_NP0 's_POS chair_NN1 made_VVD claims_NN2 of_PRF professionalism_NN1 by_PRP suggesting_VVG its_DPS owner_NN1 's_POS commercial_AJ0 success_NN1 ;_PUN a_AT0 dentist_NN1 using_VVG a_AT0 Salmon_NP0 chair_NN1 was_VBD one_PNI who_PNQ could_VM0 afford_VVI to_PRP elegantly_AV0 outfit_NN1 his_DPS dental_AJ0 office_NN1 ._SENT 
Historically_AV0 ,_PUN dentists_NN2 made_VVD their_DPS claims_NN2 of_PRF authority_NN1 in_PRP public_AJ0 spaces_NN2 through_PRP spectacle_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS dentists_NN2 at_PRP fairs_NN2 often_AV0 worked_VVN on_PRP an_AT0 elevated_AJ0 stage_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP some_DT0 instances_NN2 ,_PUN these_DT0 stages_NN2 included_VVD wings_NN2 and_CJC were_VBD explicitly_AV0 intended_VVN for_PRP entertainment_NN1 purposes_NN2 ;_PUN jugglers_NN2 ,_PUN clowns_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC conjurers_NN2 drew_VVD attention_NN1 prior_AJ0 to_PRP dental_AJ0 surgeries_NN2 ._SENT Engravings_NN2 from_PRP France_NP0 and_CJC Britain_NP0 in_PRP the_AT0 eighteenth_ORD and_CJC nineteenth_ORD centuries_NN2 show_VVB how_AVQ this_DT0 carnivalesque_AJ0 practice_NN1 endured_VVN [_PUL 5_CRD ]_PUR ._SENT Itinerant_AJ0 dentists_NN2 were_VBD also_AV0 a_AT0 trope_NN1 in_PRP depictions_NN2 of_PRF nineteenth-century_AJ0 rural_AJ0 life_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC scenes_NN2 emphasized_VVD locals_NN2 '_POS fascination_NN1 following_PRP this_DT0 novel_AJ0 visitor_NN1 's_POS arrival_NN1 ._SENT Even_AV0 when_CJS dentists_NN2 '_POS offices_NN2 evolved_VVD ,_PUN space_NN1 constraints_NN2 originally_AV0 precluded_VVD separate_AJ0 waiting_VVG and_CJC operating_VVG rooms_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC a_AT0 gallery_NN1 of_PRF spectators_NN2 ,_PUN each_DT0 awaiting_VVG their_DPS own_DT0 treatment_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD frequently_AV0 depicted_VVN in_PRP both_DT0 caricatured_AJ0 and_CJC realistic_AJ0 scenes_NN2 of_PRF dentists_NN2 '_POS offices_NN2 ._SENT In_PRP these_DT0 public_AJ0 settings_NN2 ,_PUN a_AT0 dentist_NN1 became_VVD as_PRP much_DT0 a_AT0 showman_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 trade_NN1 practitioner_NN1 and_CJC his_DPS chair_NN1 as_PRP much_DT0 a_AT0 stage_NN1 as_PRP a_AT0 professional_AJ0 tool_NN1 ._SENT Ultimately_AV0 ,_PUN spectators_NN2 served_VVN as_PRP sureties_NN2 ,_PUN giving_VVG patients_NN2 confidence_NN1 that_CJT their_DPS dentists_NN2 were_VBD being_VBG watched_VVN and_CJC held_VVN accountable_AJ0 in_PRP performing_VVG honest_AJ0 work_NN1 ._SENT 
When_CJS the_AT0 dental_AJ0 office_NN1 became_VVD a_AT0 private_AJ0 setting_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 mid-1800s_CRD ,_PUN the_AT0 dentist_NN1 's_POS audience_NN1 disappeared_VVD and_CJC the_AT0 onus_NN1 fell_VVD upon_PRP the_AT0 patient_NN1 to_TO0 mind_VVI the_AT0 dentist_NN1 's_POS work_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 lavish_AJ0 decoration_NN1 seen_VVN in_PRP Victorian-era_NP0 dentists_NN2 '_POS offices_NN2 may_VM0 be_VBI a_AT0 palimpsest_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 industry_NN1 's_POS performative_AJ0 tradition_NN1 ,_PUN endowing_VVG patients_NN2 with_PRP the_AT0 power_NN1 of_PRF spectators_NN2 and_CJC encouraging_VVG them_PNP to_TO0 be_VBI the_AT0 ultimate_AJ0 appraisers_NN2 of_PRF their_DPS dentists_NN2 '_POS work_NN1 ._SENT Footstools_NN2 sold_VVN in_PRP an_AT0 1867_CRD dental_AJ0 trade_NN1 catalogue_NN1 emphasized_VVD the_AT0 chair_NN1 's_POS height_NN1 ,_PUN making_VVG it_PNP reminiscent_AJ0 of_PRF a_AT0 stage_NN1 in_PRP a_AT0 medieval_AJ0 market_NN1 ._SENT The_AT0 dentist_NN1 used_VVN levers_NN2 and_CJC pulls_VVZ to_TO0 set_VVI the_AT0 chair_NN1 in_PRP motion_NN1 ,_PUN becoming_VVG a_AT0 stage_NN1 master_NN1 ._SENT An_AT0 1867_CRD dental_AJ0 trade_NN1 catalogue_NN1 listed_AJ0 pearl_NN1 handled_VVN mirrors_NN2 among_PRP its_DPS standard_AJ0 products_NN2 which_DTQ were_VBD essential_AJ0 devices_NN2 in_PRP allowing_VVG patients_NN2 to_TO0 watch_VVI their_DPS dentists_NN2 work_VVB ._SENT These_DT0 features_VVZ glorified_AJ0 spectatorship_NN1 ,_PUN making_VVG a_AT0 dentist_NN1 's_POS operation_NN1 a_AT0 practice_NN1 of_PRF wonder_NN1 rather_AV0 than_CJS fear_NN1 ._SENT Ultimately_AV0 ,_PUN a_AT0 dentist_NN1 was_VBD responsible_AJ0 for_PRP realizing_VVG a_AT0 transformation_NN1 for_PRP his_DPS watchful_AJ0 patient_NN1 ._SENT 
Like_VVB in_PRP medieval_AJ0 times_NN2 ,_PUN Salmon_NP0 was_VBD working_VVG in_PRP an_AT0 period_NN1 that_CJT continued_VVD to_PRP prize_NN1 showmanship_NN1 ,_PUN as_CJS shown_VVN by_PRP the_AT0 theatrics_NN1 of_PRF popular_AJ0 impresarios_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP P._NP0 T_NP0 ._SENT Barnum_NP0 ,_PUN who_PNQ staged_VVD hoaxes_NN2 and_CJC paraded_VVD curiosities_NN2 ,_PUN claiming_VVG them_PNP to_TO0 be_VBI miracles_NN2 for_PRP his_DPS amazed_AJ0 audiences_NN2 ._SENT Although_CJS he_PNP was_VBD established_VVN in_PRP a_AT0 permanent_AJ0 ,_PUN professional_AJ0 office_NN1 in_PRP Boise_NP0 ,_PUN the_AT0 dentist_NN1 J_NP0 ._SENT C_ZZ0 ._SENT Leonard_NP0 was_VBD reported_VVN to_TO0 have_VHI travelled_VVN through_PRP the_AT0 West_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 late_AJ0 1800s_CRD ,_PUN giving_VVG lectures_NN2 on_PRP his_DPS dentistry_NN1 practice_NN1 and_CJC exhibiting_VVG barrels_NN2 of_PRF teeth_NN2 that_CJT are_VBB now_AV0 in_PRP the_AT0 museum_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 University_NN1 of_PRF Michigan_NP0 ._SENT Before_CJS Salmon_NP0 's_POS death_NN1 ,_PUN Edgar_NP0 Randolph_NP0 Parker_NP0 was_VBD working_VVG against_PRP the_AT0 trend_NN1 toward_PRP sterile_AJ0 ,_PUN standardized_AJ0 dentistry_NN1 offices_NN2 and_CJC imagining_VVG new_AJ0 ways_NN2 to_TO0 attract_VVI clientele_NN1 ._SENT Parker_NP0 eventually_AV0 devised_VVD a_AT0 dental_AJ0 circus_NN1 in_PRP partnership_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 former_DT0 employee_NN1 of_PRF Barnum_NN1 ,_PUN pulling_VVG teeth_NN2 in_PRP an_AT0 apparently_AV0 painless_AJ0 fashion_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 company_NN1 of_PRF a_AT0 brass_NN1 band_NN1 ,_PUN contortionists_NN2 ,_PUN and_CJC dancing_VVG women_NN2 ._SENT While_CJS such_DT0 performances_NN2 were_VBD often_AV0 denounced_VVN as_PRP quackery_NN1 ,_PUN Parker_NP0 had_VHD graduated_VVN from_PRP the_AT0 Philadelphia_NP0 Dental_AJ0 College_NN1 like_PRP Salmon_NP0 ._SENT While_CJS Parker_NP0 was_VBD working_VVG in_PRP the_AT0 lineage_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 medieval_AJ0 dentist_NN1 who_PNQ performed_VVD at_PRP fairgrounds_NN2 ,_PUN his_DPS intent_NN1 was_VBD not_XX0 a_AT0 macabre_AJ0 attempt_NN1 to_TO0 profit_VVI off_AVP pain_NN1 ;_PUN instead_AV0 ,_PUN he_PNP sought_VVD to_TO0 defy_VVI his_DPS audiences_NN2 '_POS expectations_NN2 with_PRP the_AT0 miracle_NN1 of_PRF painlessness_NN1 ._SENT 
In_PRP some_DT0 ways_NN2 ,_PUN like_PRP Leonard_NP0 and_CJC Parker_NP0 ,_PUN Salmon_NP0 himself_PNX was_VBD employed_VVN to_TO0 capture_VVI an_AT0 audience_NN1 ._SENT Much_DT0 scholarly_AJ0 discussion_NN1 of_PRF Thomas_NP0 Eakins_NP0 's_VBZ The_AT0 Gross_AJ0 Clinic_NN1 and_CJC The_AT0 Agnew_NP0 Clinic_NN1 —_PUN realist_NN1 paintings_NN2 fourteen_CRD years_NN2 apart_AV0 that_CJT both_DT0 capture_NN1 surgeons_NN2 ,_PUN Samuel_NP0 D_NP0 ._SENT Gross_NP0 and_CJC David_NP0 Hayes_NP0 Agnew_NP0 respectively_AV0 ,_PUN working_VVG before_PRP an_AT0 audience_NN1 of_PRF students_NN2 —_PUN has_VHZ focused_VVN on_PRP the_AT0 performative_AJ0 nature_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 medical_AJ0 profession_NN1 ._SENT Like_PRP Gross_NP0 and_CJC Agnew_NP0 ,_PUN Salmon_NP0 was_VBD a_AT0 university_NN1 lecturer_NN1 ,_PUN and_CJC it_PNP was_VBD his_DPS responsibility_NN1 to_TO0 command_VVI Harvard_NP0 dentistry_NN1 students_NN2 '_POS attention_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 lecture_NN1 halls_NN2 of_PRF Massachusetts_NP0 General_AJ0 Hospital_NN1 ._SENT For_PRP Salmon_NP0 and_CJC his_DPS students_NN2 ,_PUN dental_AJ0 operations_NN2 were_VBD affairs_NN2 to_TO0 be_VBI observed_VVN as_CJS well_AV0 as_CJS personally_AV0 undertaken_VVN ._SENT Furthermore_AV0 ,_PUN Salmon_NP0 was_VBD an_AT0 active_AJ0 and_CJC dynamic_AJ0 presence_NN1 in_PRP his_DPS professional_AJ0 community_NN1 ,_PUN serving_VVG in_PRP various_AJ0 positions_NN2 on_PRP the_AT0 Massachusetts_NP0 Dental_AJ0 Society_NN1 and_CJC frequently_AV0 travelling_VVG to_PRP other_AJ0 states_NN2 '_POS dental_AJ0 association_NN1 meetings_NN2 to_TO0 perform_VVI clinics_NN2 and_CJC give_VVB papers_NN2 ._SENT His_DPS side-interest_NN1 in_PRP fashioning_VVG innovative_AJ0 patent_NN1 designs_NN2 ,_PUN including_PRP ones_NN2 for_PRP entertainment_NN1 objects_NN2 such_DT0 as_PRP the_AT0 autoharp_NN1 ,_PUN demonstrates_VVZ he_PNP was_VBD attuned_VVN to_PRP popular_AJ0 interests_NN2 ._SENT Salmon_NN0 may_VM0 have_VHI had_VHN theatrical_AJ0 design_NN1 in_PRP mind_NN1 when_CJS he_PNP endowed_VVD his_DPS chair_NN1 with_PRP swan_NN1 armrests_NN2 and_CJC velvet_NN1 upholstery_NN1 ._SENT These_DT0 dramatic_AJ0 features_NN2 subtly_AV0 invoke_VVB the_AT0 relationship_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 performer_NN1 and_CJC spectator_NN1 for_PRP the_AT0 dentist_NN1 and_CJC patient_NN1 ,_PUN further_AV0 guaranteeing_VVG a_AT0 patient_NN1 's_POS comfort_NN1 by_PRP associating_VVG the_AT0 dental_AJ0 procedure_NN1 with_PRP a_AT0 spectacle_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI anticipated_VVN and_CJC observed_VVN rather_AV0 than_CJS a_AT0 dreaded_AJ0 operation_NN1 to_TO0 be_VBI feared_VVN ._SENT 
This_DT0 essay_NN1 has_VHZ sought_VVN to_TO0 argue_VVI that_CJT Salmon_NP0 's_POS patent_NN1 model_NN1 was_VBD intended_VVN to_TO0 establish_VVI his_DPS professional_AJ0 reputation_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 industry_NN1 by_PRP demonstrating_VVG his_DPS keen_AJ0 awareness_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 needs_NN2 of_PRF the_AT0 dentist_NN1 and_CJC the_AT0 patient_NN1 ._SENT In_PRP the_AT0 same_DT0 year_NN1 as_CJS he_PNP submitted_VVD his_DPS patent_NN1 model_NN1 ,_PUN a_AT0 report_NN1 about_PRP the_AT0 twelfth_ORD annual_AJ0 American_AJ0 Dental_AJ0 Convention_NN1 in_PRP the_AT0 November_NP0 1866_CRD issue_NN1 of_PRF the_AT0 periodical_NN1 ,_PUN The_AT0 Dental_AJ0 Cosmos_NN1 ,_PUN describes_VVZ how_AVQ '_PUQ Dr_NP0 ._SENT Salmon_NP0 exhibited_VVD a_AT0 dental_AJ0 chair_NN1 capable_AJ0 of_PRF being_VBG inclined_AJ0 backward_AV0 ,_PUN laterally_AV0 or_CJC obliquely_AV0 ,_PUN at_PRP an_AT0 angle_NN1 of_PRF 40_CRD to_PRP 70_CRD degrees.'45_NN0 In_PRP addition_NN1 ,_PUN Salmon_NP0 presented_VVD his_DPS instrument_NN1 rack_NN1 and_CJC demonstrated_VVD for_PRP his_DPS peers_NN2 how_AVQ his_DPS automatic_AJ0 mallet_NN1 ,_PUN used_VVN to_TO0 condense_VVI gold_NN1 when_CJS filling_VVG a_AT0 cavity_NN1 ,_PUN was_VBD designed_VVN so_AV0 that_CJT '_PUQ a_AT0 greater_AJC variety_NN1 of_PRF blows_NN2 ..._PUN can_VM0 be_VBI obtained_VVN ..._PUN with_PRP little_DT0 noise.'46_NN1 The_AT0 next_ORD year_NN1 ,_PUN The_AT0 Dental_AJ0 Cosmos_NN1 's_POS careful_AJ0 coverage_NN1 of_PRF professional_AJ0 advances_NN2 included_VVD endorsements_NN2 of_PRF Salmon_NP0 's_POS mallet_NN1 ._SENT 
