最后更新：2020年7月29日

梨子故事

上世纪70年代末，Chafe教授为研究不同民族人们如何叙事，请专业团队拍摄了“梨子影片”（The Pear Film，见http://www.pearstories.org网站）。梨子影片全长5分50秒，全片有背景音，但无任何对白。按Chafe等人的研究设计，他们计划，该影片将会给多个不同文化群体的受试播放，因此，为避免影片本身预设任何美国文化的成分，影片不设台词，情节也尽可能平实。影片在美国加州伯克利附近山区拍摄。影片设计的基本思路是尽量避免与特定的文化和语言背景相关联。通过这样的控制，研究人员可以较准确地了解，不同语言受试针对相同故事内容会采用怎样的语言编码。

故事情节大致是：一名中年男子踩着梯子在树上采摘梨子。他将采下的梨放在胸前的围裙里，装满后从梯上走下，俯身倒入树下的筐中。接着他又爬回树上继续采梨。此时一个牵着山羊的男子从树下经过。接着一个小男孩骑着自行车经过树下，看到树下有3筐梨，就提起一筐梨放到自己的自行车上骑走了。采梨人一直在树上采梨，并未意识到小男孩的行为。这个小男孩沿着山路骑行着，突然看见有个小女孩也骑着自行车迎面而来。两人擦肩而过后，小男孩扭头回看小女孩，结果男孩的自行车撞在石头上，他摔倒在地上，梨撒了一地，帽子也掉落了。过了一会儿，走过来另外3个男孩，帮着摔倒的小男孩将散落的梨拾回筐里。然后，小男孩自己扶起自行车继续前行。那3个小男孩则朝着另一个方向走去。这时，骑自行车的小男孩意识到，他应该对那3个小男孩表达一下谢意。于是吹了一声口哨叫住了那3个男孩，并走上前去拿了3个梨递给了他们。然后，他们各自离开了。这时镜头中再次出现采梨人，他从树上下来，发现少了一筐梨，十分诧异。刚好此时采梨人看见3个小男孩手里各拿着一个梨从树下经过。采梨人满脸狐疑地看着3个男孩，直到3人的背影远去。

下载“梨子故事”视频：大文件、小文件。

   该故事的完整英文描述（Chafe 1980：xiii-xiv）如下：
   The movie begins with a man picking pears on a ladder in a tree. He descends the ladder, kneels, and dumps the pears from the pocket of an apron he is wearing into one of three baskets below the tree. He removes a bandana from around his neck and wipes off one of the pears. Then he returns to the ladder and climbs back into the tree. Toward the end of this sequence we hear the sound of a goat, and when the picker is back in the tree a man approaches with a goat on a leash. As they pass by the baskets of pears, the goat strains toward them, but is pulled past by the man and the two of them disappear in the distance.   We see another close-up of the picker at his work, and then we see a boy approaching on a bicycle. He coasts in toward the baskets, stops, gets off his bike, looks up at the picker, puts down his bike, walks toward the baskets, again looking at the picker, picks up a pear, puts it back down, looks once more at the picker, and lifts up a basket full of pears. He puts the basket down near his bike, lifts up the bike and straddles it, picks up the basket and places it on the rack in front of his handlebars, and rides off. We again see the man continuing to pick pears.
   The boy is now riding down the road, and we see a pear fall from the basket on his bike. Then we see a girl on a bicycle approaching from the other direction. As they pass, the boy turns to look at the girl, his hat flies off, and the front wheel of his bike hits a rock. The bike falls over, the basket falls off, and the pears spill out onto the ground.   The boy extricates himself from under the bike, and brushes off his leg. In the meantime we hear what turns out to be the sound of a paddleball, and then wet see three boys standing there, looking at the bike boy on the ground. The three pick up the scattered pears and put them back in the basket. The bike boy sets his bike upright, and two of the other boys lift the basket of pears back onto it. The bike boy begins walking his bike in the direction he was going, while the three other boys begin walking off in the other direction. As they walk by the bike boy's hat on the road, the boy with the paddleball sees it, picks it up, turns around, and we hear a loud whistle as he signals to the bike boy. The bike boy stops, takes three pears out of the basket, and holds them out as the other boy approaches with the hat. They exchange the pears and the hat, and the bike boy keeps going while the boy with the paddleball runs back to his two companions, to each of whom he hands a pear. They continue on, eating their pears.   The scene now changes back to the tree, where we see the picker again descending the ladder. He looks at the two baskets, where earlier there were three, points at them, backs up against the ladder, shakes his head, and tips up his hat. The three boys are now seen approaching, eating their pears. The picker watches them pass by, and they walk off into the distance.   

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